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<title>法治环境莫神星 -  雅典学园法律博客</title>
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<title>法治环境莫神星 -  雅典学园法律博客</title>
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<title>共治气候变化</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">共治气候变化</span></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">[2010年02月21日 08:28]　</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><br />
　　法国环境部长博洛：&ldquo;每个政府都有一定的局限，既要向其国民作出解释，也要考量背后的经济利益&rdquo;</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><br />
　　博洛垂至眉际的灰白卷发下，不时露出政治家少有的俏皮笑容，他略带几分得意地说，&ldquo;我是在哥本哈根会议之后第一个来到中国访问的部长。&rdquo;</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　年近六旬的让－路易博洛有着长长的职衔：法国环境、能源、可持续发展与海洋部部长。在高举环保大旗的法国，这一部门的权重从他的另一头衔中可见一斑：在部长林立的法国，他是菲永内阁中惟一的国务部长（相当于中国的副总理）。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　早在哥本哈根世界气候大会（下称哥本哈根会议）召开前夕，博洛就作为法国总统气候变化问题特使，专程抵达中国，向中国副总理李克强转交了萨科齐总统致胡锦涛主席的亲笔信。而两个月后的这次探访，用他自己的话来说，是为了同中国领导人一起探讨哥本哈根会议的遗留问题。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　2月1日，博洛先后会见了外交部副部长王光亚，水专项管理办公室主任、住房和城乡建设部副部长仇保兴。这些&ldquo;通气&rdquo;式的会晤为另一场多边会晤打了前站&mdash;&mdash;五天之后，他将赶赴印度首都新德里，穿梭于中国、巴西、印度、小岛国家等各国环境官员之间。同一天下午，在法国驻华大使官邸内，博洛接受了《财经》记者的专访。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　&ldquo;我们非常满意中国在1月31日之前作出的承诺（到2020年中国单位GDP碳排放强度将在2005年基础上降低40％－45％），这符合联合国的要求。&rdquo;博尔洛用一句赞美作为谈话的开始。根据《哥本哈根协议》，发达国家和发展中国家在1月31日前，应分别通报其2020年减排目标或行动计划。各国是否遵守这一承诺是《哥本哈根协议》命运的&ldquo;晴雨表&rdquo;。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　在哥本哈根会议上，欧盟以中美两个排放大国未给出理想的承诺为由，将减排目标退至20％，并宣称要以30％的减排目标向其他国家施压。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　会议刚刚结束之时，欧洲国家几乎都在抱怨谈判结果是&ldquo;灾难性的&rdquo;。对于哥本哈根会议引起的一些非议，博洛表示，&ldquo;在没有一揽子方案、表格中没有具体数字的情况下，谈判代表们就各自回家了。那些热衷于纸字条文的西方人会说：&lsquo;啊！我们最终什么都没谈成。&rsquo;可你看昨天（1月31日）的表现，很多国家都向联合国主动通报2020年减排目标或行动计划，证明了一些西方国家对这一进程仍有很好的理解。&rdquo;</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　如今，冷静下来的欧洲人现在开始转变态度，寻找今后的解决出路。欧盟委员会已经筹划在西班牙担任轮值国期间，展开新的内部讨论。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　在日前召开的部长级会议上，也有官员提出应进一步加强协商，而不是采取极端措施。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　博洛对哥本哈根会议的评价正好反映了欧盟内部近期的一些反思意见：&ldquo;利用30％的减排目标向他国施压，乃出自对另一种文化误解和对欧盟影响力的错误认识，在某种程度上是一种&lsquo;欧洲中心主义&rsquo;的想法。&rdquo;博洛说，&ldquo;每个政府都有一定的局限，既要向其国民作出解释，也要考量背后的经济利益。很自然的做法应是，欧盟提高到30％，同时注意一下别的国家有没有同时做出努力。&rdquo;</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　博洛认为，哥本哈根会议已经在对最脆弱的国家的支持，减少毁林排放，以及发展中国家和发达国家各自的义务几方面达成了共识。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　他强调，法国和中国一样，主张继续在联合国谈判框架下进行谈判。&ldquo;我和我的中国、巴西同事们会面的目的，就是讨论如何把政治协议变成联合国气候谈判框架下的正式协议，尽管对于这一问题，我还没有答案。&rdquo;</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　他也坦言，欧盟内部并不一致，一些国家表示理解中国，而一些国家则更青睐于美国式的协议。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　当前，中欧双方在气候问题上的明显分歧仍在&mdash;&mdash;由于中国的反对，欧盟的两项主张，即&ldquo;2050年全球减排50％或发达国家减排80％&rdquo;，最终未被写入《哥本哈根协议》。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　哥本哈根会议结束后，萨科齐与多个民间环保运动组织的代表共进午餐，商讨哥本哈根会议结果及未来计划。法国自然环境机构发言人格斯蒙特会后表示，萨科齐计划邀请签署《哥本哈根协议》国家中的28个国家在2010年4月或5月间再次会晤。格斯蒙特称，会晤旨在&ldquo;在2050年前落实50％的(碳减排)目标。&rdquo;</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　从这一份声明中不难看出，法国对推动气候谈判进程持积极态度，但至今并未放弃&ldquo;双减排&rdquo;的目标。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">　　博洛坦言， 他这次来华的目的，也是向中方了解中国反对&ldquo;双减排&rdquo;背后的原因。&ldquo;在中国看来，如果将&lsquo;双减排&rsquo;目标按比例算，发达国家人均减排量将会是5吨，这一减排量并不充分。但哥本哈根大会上的最高领导人会面只有一天，时间仓促，不足以解决所有问题，因此会后的沟通尤其重要。通过沟通协商找到合适的方式推动气候谈判进程，是我对访华的期待。&rdquo; </span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">《财经》</span></span><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">记者 钱亦楠　</span></span></span></span></p><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Sun, 21 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73377/</link>
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<title>depositary 和depository</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<font color="#0000ff"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt">depositary </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 22pt">和</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 22pt">depository</span></b></font></p>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-indent: 26.25pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;depositary 和depository 两词的含义有些混淆，美国《布莱克法律词典》&ldquo;Black''s Law Dictionary&rdquo;专门告戒读者不能将两词用错，说前者是指人或机构，及受托人或公司等；而后者专指地方，即存放处，储存地，且说在美国其专指经挑选和指定银行。但其他许多文献及法律词典，包括许多英文词典在内却视两词可以互换。</span></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">depositary 指人或机构，及受托人或公司等；</font></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">1.受托人，保管人。</font></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">2.保管所，贮藏所，仓库。</font></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">depository&nbsp;专指地方，即存放处，储存地，</font></span></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 57.75pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">在美国其专指经挑选和指定银行。</font></span></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 57.75pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">1.寄存处，存放处，贮藏所，仓库。</font></span></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 57.75pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">2.受托人，保管人。</font></span></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 57.75pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">a depository of learning &nbsp;知识的宝库。</font></span></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 57.75pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">depository &nbsp;library 〔美国〕指定免费接受政府出版物的图书馆。</font></span></span></div>
</font></span></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 21pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium"><font color="#0000ff">本编者认为depositary和depository虽为一个词的两种不同拼写，且两者也可互换，但在指受托人或受托机构时，可遵循《布莱克法律词典》的说法，将depositary 作为首选词；相反，在指寄存地或保存地时，将depository作为首选。</font></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Sat, 20 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73357/</link>
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<title>英美律师分类：巴律师和沙律师</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div align="center"><span style="font-size: xx-large"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><strong><font color="#0000ff">&nbsp;英美律师分类：</font></strong></span></span></div>
<div align="center">&nbsp;</div>
<div align="center"><span style="font-size: xx-large"><span style="font-family: 黑体"><strong><font color="#0000ff">巴律师和沙律师</font></strong></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 21pt"><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">英国律师严格分为巴律师（barrister）和沙律师（solicitor）两种，其取得资格的方法不同，取消资格的方式也不同，巴律师的资格由四大律师学院（four Inns of Court）授予，如严重违纪，也由其取消资格（disbar）；</font></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 21pt"><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">沙律师资格由沙律师协会（Law Society）授予，如严重违纪，则由一根据议会立法专门成立的纪律委员会（Disciplinary Committee）予以除名（to stick sb. off the solicitors' roll）；</font></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 21pt"><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">美国律师如严重违纪，则由法院提起&ldquo;取消律师资格之诉&rdquo;（disbarment或debarment），其为法院内部任命的行政事务之诉讼，故既不属于民事范畴，也不属于刑事诉讼领域，其一般采用简易程序处理</font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large">&nbsp;</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">Barrister</font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">1.〔英国〕(能出席高级法庭的)律师。</font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">2.〔美国〕法律顾问，律师。</font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large">&nbsp;</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">Solicitor</font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">1.恳求者，催促者；求婚者；〔美国〕掮客，推销员；募捐人。</font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">2.〔英国〕初级律师；</font></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 5.25pt"><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">〔美国〕法务官(为一个城市或部门负责法律事务的)。</font></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 10.5pt"><span style="font-size: large"><font color="#0000ff">a S- of the treasury 〔美国〕财政部法务官。</font></span></div><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Sat, 20 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73353/</link>
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<title>法律英语概述</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;</span></p>
<div align="center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律英语概述</span></font></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律英语（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">Legal English</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">），在英语国家中被称为</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">Legal Language</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">或</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">Language of the</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">Ｌ</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">aw</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，即法律语言，在英语中指表述法律科学概念以及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种或某一语种的部分用语。从此概念可以看出，法律英语所使用的语言不仅是英语本身，还包括其它语种，如法语、拉丁文等。</span></font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律英语作为专业英语（ＥＳＰ）的分支学科之一，具有ＥＳＰ的一般特点：１</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">课程设置是为满足学习者的特定需要；２</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">采用所服务的专业学科的教学研究方法和活动组织方式；３</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">学习重点在于与该专业相适应的语言（语法、词汇、语域）、技巧、语篇以及体裁；</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">4 </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">材料的真实性，即材料来于立法文件、司法文件以及法学家的论著。</span></font>&nbsp;</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律英语是法律科学与英语语言学间交叉学科研究的结晶，因此其研究应从两个视角进行探析。一方面，按照法律的观点、方法以及法律规范、法律文书的特殊需要来研究英语在法学理论及实践中的运用；另一方面，运用语言学，尤其是应用语言学的基本原理和方法研究法律科学和法律实践的英语语言特点。法律英语具有以下语言特点：</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">词汇特点</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">一、准确用词与模糊语言的同时出现</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律语言，尤其是立法语言常把准确性与模糊性这一矛盾纳入同一法律规范。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">根据严格解释原则，在适用法律时，书面文字是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据，因此法律语言用词造句必须十分准确。法律语言尤其是立法语言中很少使用描绘性形容词，而且对表示时间、范围、程度等副词使用极为严格，为了避免不必要的歧义。同时，为了追求语意确切、论证周详，法律语言中常使用同义、近义词</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">如《香港刑法摘要》（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">Digest of Hong Kong Criminal Law</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）第八章关于</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">参加暴动并阻碍船舶、飞机、或者铁路列车罪</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">中规定</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;It is an offence for any person taking part in a riot to unlawfully and with force (a)prevent ,hinder or obstruct ,or attempt to prevent, hinder, or obstruct, the loading or unloading, or the movement of ; or (b)board, or attempt to board with intent to do so ; any motor vehicle ,tramcar ,aircraft ,train or vessel . </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">然而在现实中，有许多案子是由于对法律文字的理解不一造成的，这就有赖于法官在具体案件中对法律条文进行解释。如：某一民间贷款协议中写道</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;I will pay back in a year&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，双方当事人对</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;in&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">产生不同理解，一方认为是</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;within&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">之意（在</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">------</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">之内），另一方则认为是</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;after&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">之意（在</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">------</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">之后）。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律语言的模糊性，是指某些法律条文或法律表述在语义上不能确指，一般用于涉及法律事实的性质、范围、程度、数量无法明确的情况。法律模糊语言包括（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）模糊附加词</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">即附加在意义明确的表达形式之前、可使本来意义精确的概念变模糊的词语，如</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">about </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">or so</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">2</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）模糊词语，即有些词及其表达形式本身就是模糊的，如</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">reasonable </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">good</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）模糊蕴涵</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">有的词概念清晰却含有模糊意义，如</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">night </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">［英国法律中为了区分夜盗罪（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">burglary</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）与为抢劫而侵入住宅罪（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">house-breaking</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">），立法上采用了</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;night&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">一词</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">然后将其解释为</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">日落后一小时至日出前一小时</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">；然而各地所处时区不一样，实际中还是难以把握</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">。具体地讲，法律界人士在下例情况下常用模糊语言：</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">体现法律条文的预见性及适用性</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">《香港合约法纲要》</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">(Digest of Hong Kong Contract Law)</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">中规定：要约在要约人规定的期限内有效。如果要约人没有规定期限的，要约在合理的期限内有效。合理的期限（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">a reasonable time</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）在此是一个事实问题，受要约规定的条件影响。英国上诉法院曾裁定：在能够合理地推定受要约人已经拒绝要约之际，合理期限即告结束。澳大利亚高等法院曾裁定：在可以推定要约人已经撤回要约之际合理期限即告结束。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">体现礼貌原则</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">在法庭辩论中的控辩双方律师或合议庭中的法官出于对他人的尊重及体现自身的修养，常使用委婉语或非直接用语以表述自己的不同意见。如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">my lord </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">I take the strongest possible objection to the course proposed by my learned friend.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">在此，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">strongest /opposition</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">表达了不同意见，而</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">possible/learned/friend</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">显示了对他人的尊重。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; 3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">自我保护</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">在诸多合同关于数量、性质、时间的条款中，模糊词常被使用，主要是为了日后产生纠纷时能有效地保护自己。如一房地产商在其格式合同中写道：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">The greenery coverage will be between 25%~35%</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">。在此，房地产商就有较大的余地来确定绿地覆盖面积。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; 4</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">故意隐瞒信息</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">当一项交易涉及国家机密、商业秘密、以及个人隐私时其书面文字就可能含有模糊词。此外，一些虚假的商业广告也常用模糊语言。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">二、冗词的大量使用</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">尽管非法律界人士呼吁法律语言的大众化，但</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法言法语</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">有其根深蒂固的历史渊源。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律界人士认为外来词、古英语及专门术语的使用可使法律语言显得高贵、庄重。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">外来词的借用</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">拉丁文及法语在法律语言中的大量出现，这与英国历史上把语言作为阶级划分和阶级统治的重要手段有密切关系。在英国，拉丁文被视为个人深造的基础；而法语更被视为西欧上层社会的语言。英国、美国甚至中国（中国政法大学江平教授）都出版了关于这方面的词典。法律语言中的拉丁文比比皆是，如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">actus reus</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（致罪行为）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">ad diem</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（在指定日期）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">statu quo</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（现状）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">infra annos nubiles</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（未到结婚年龄）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">naturalis possesio</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（自然占有）等。此外，也有许多法语出现在法律英语中，如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">loi fondamentale</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（根本法）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">questionnaire</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（调查表）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">saisie</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（查封、扣押）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">voir dire</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（预先审查）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">writ de mesne</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（中间令状）等。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">２古英语及中古英语的使用</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">古英语及中古英语词汇在现代英语中所剩不多，但在法律英语中却常有出现，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">therein</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（在其中）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">thereinafter</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（在下文中）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">thereof</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（其）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">thereto</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（附随）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">herewith</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（与此一道）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">whereas</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（鉴于）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">thence</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（从那里）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">aforesaid (</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">上述的</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">等。为了显示本行业的特殊性，法律界人士对其有特殊的情结。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律专门术语及行话的使用</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">狭义上的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语，此意义上的法律术语在法律文体中的数量不多，如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">garnishee---</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">第三债务人（指代被告保管财产并接到法院扣押令于诉讼未决期间不得处分所代管财产者）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">imputed negligence---</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">转嫁的过失责任（指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失）；而广义的法律术语包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语，如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">action</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（行动～诉讼）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">party</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（党／晚会～当事人）。此外，还有大量行话，如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">on the bench </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（担任法官职务）</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">take silk</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（担任王室法律顾问）。对于法律英语的初学者而言，在理解法律术语及行话时切忌望文生义。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">在理解法律语言中的同义和近义术语时，应予以特别注意；鉴于法律用语的准确性要求，它们彼此一般情况下不能替换，如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">solicitor---</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">初级律师（在英国指为当事人所聘请的一般辩护律师，承办案件起诉和辩护等事物性工作）与</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">barrister---</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">出庭律师（在英国指有资格出席高等法院的律师），</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">summon ---</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">普通传唤（以传票传当事人、证人出庭）与</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">subpoena---</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">拘传（强制到庭的或附有罚金的传票），</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">complaint</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（民事起诉状或刑事自诉状）与</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">indictment</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（公诉起诉状）等。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">句法特点</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">与科技英语、商务英语相比较而言，法律英语中的句子结构就其长度和使用从句的连续性要复杂得多。法律英语中的长句主要指多重复合句，除主谓结构外，还有许多修饰成分，如从句、短语等，其主从关系有各种连接词贯通以表示逻辑关系，句子结构严谨，如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">A negotiating party can expressly stop a statement from becoming an offer</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">for example by stating that it can not be accepted by the other party or is not intended to be legally binding or by stating that a contract will only come into existence when the maker of that statement signifies assent</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">。（在协商过程中，任何一方当事人均可明确表示某项声明并非要约。例如，一方当事人可以明确指出对方不得就该声明作出承诺，或明确指出其无意使该声明具有法律约束力，或明确指出只有在其表示同意时合约才告成立。）在理解此种句子时，可以通过调整句子中心、结构、长度以及必要的词汇增减来实现。特别是在理解法律条文时，应清楚其主要由假设与法律适用两部分组成。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">此外，相对于普通英语而言，法律英语中有大量的被动句型，这主要是为了突出其正式性。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">语言变体（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">varieties of language</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）特点</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律英语具有英语的社会方言（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">social dialect</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）的特点。社会方言的形成取决于使用者的社会属性。法学家、律师、法官为了突出本行业的优越性，显示自身才华，常使用与众不同的表达方式，即所谓的</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">正式用语</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">。如：一般人说</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;deprivation of political rights&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;deliberate&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;think&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;start&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，而在法律语言中则用</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;civil death&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;aforethought&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;hold&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;commence&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">。此外，法律英语的文体采用应用文体中的公文文体，其特点是用词明晰准确，篇章句法结构严谨，文章形式规范化。当然，立法机关及不同性质的执法、行政机关所使用的语言各有特点；不同法域采用的语体也有所差异，如民事立法多为授权性法律规范，而刑事立法多为禁止性法律规范或制裁性规范。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 16pt">法律英语还具有英语的地域方言（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">regional dialect</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）的特点。因为法律英语主要反映的是英语国家同时也是普通法系（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">common law system</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）国家的法律文化，所以在作为大陆法系的中国，学习法律英语时应对普通法系与大陆法系</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">/</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">罗马法系（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">civil law system</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）基本法律框架、法律制度、法律概念及其差异有大致了解。同时在理解和翻译时，不能使用形同神不同的中国法律术语简单地加以替换，必要时还得自创术语。如：法律英语中的</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">juror</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">（陪审员）与中国的陪审员（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">judicial assessor</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）就具有不同的含义，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;parole evidence rule&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">则译为</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">排除外在证据原则</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;quiet possession&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">为</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">不受干扰的占有权</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">。当然，不同英语国家的法律英语反映的是不同的法律制度，而且同一国家的不同地区（如美国的各州、英国的各地方政府）之间也存在着法律制度、文化差异。如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;table a motion&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">在英国为</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">提出动议以供讨论</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">，在美国则为</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">将动议搁置，留日后讨论</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">；</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">&ldquo;court of common pleas&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">为（英）高等民事法庭、（美国某些州的）中级刑事及民事法庭。</span></font></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">此外，法律英语的同一术语在不同的法域（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">legal register</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）里可能会有不同的含义，所以应根据上下文（</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">context</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">）理解。如：</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">dominion</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">在民法中指完全所有权，在国际公法中则为主权；</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">estoppel</span><span style="font-size: 16pt">在合同法中是不得反悔，在刑诉中则是禁止翻供。</span></font></span></div>
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<div align="center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 16pt">参考文献：英语词汇网</span></font></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;</span></div><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Sat, 20 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73344/</link>
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<title>蒋介石日记中的宋美龄</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div align="center"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石日记中的宋美龄</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">[</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">编者按</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">]2007</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">4</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">美国斯坦福大学胡佛研究所又向公众开放了新一批次的蒋介石日记</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">本批日记撰写于</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1932</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年至</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1945</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年。研究所保存的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1931</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年前的蒋介石日记已开放</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。本文作者当时正在美国做访问学者。闻知此消息后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">即前往查阅档案进行研究</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">回国后撰写了此文</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">向大家披露了蒋介石日记中的宋美龄&hellip;&hellip;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　蒋介石有写日记的习惯。从</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1917</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年起直至</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1975</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年他去世</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">每天都记。蒋介石日记内容丰富</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">题材广泛</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">既有个人感情</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">朋友交往</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">也有对政治、外交的评述。最为有趣的是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石日记有一定的格式</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">比如每天都会有名言警句</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1928</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年以后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他因为痛恨日本人在济南发动突然袭击</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日以后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">每天都要记&ldquo;雪耻&rdquo;二字。在日记中他对个人隐私并不讳言</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">比如在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1921</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年日记中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他对自己病情有所描述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在接受治疗后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他感觉&ldquo;尿道肿痛&rdquo;。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　蒋介石是一个感情波动剧烈的人</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日记中他对个人感受多有披露</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而在工作中受到挫折后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他总是会在日记中对背叛他的人进行谩骂。在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1929</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年的日记中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">有一本有宋美龄签名的空白日记本</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">她嘱咐蒋介石上前线携带</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以替代记满内容的旧日记本。蒋介石日记中有很多自我反省的内容</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他一直对自己的个人修养不满意</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">因此记述日记也有提醒自己不断改进更新的意思</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">从日记中大量自我剖析的内容来看</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石日记是他写给自己看的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这对于我们了解他的婚姻状况具有较高的价值。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　由于蒋介石的婚姻充满了戏剧色彩</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">当时就有很多新闻媒体猜测蒋、宋婚姻的政治动机。而蒋介石的第二任妻子陈洁如晚年写的回忆录</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">则使人们更加怀疑蒋介石与宋美龄的结合有强烈的政治目的。蒋介石与宋美龄结婚以前</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">已经有过三位妻妾</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是他在日记中一直认为自己是不幸婚姻的受害者。他对原配妻子毛福梅</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">除了怜悯以外没有其他感情</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对于姚冶诚、陈洁如则是爱、恨交织。从蒋介石前十年的日记</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(1917~1927</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">审视蒋介石的婚姻</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">可以看出他是一个消极、悲观的人</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">纠缠在旧式的婚姻生活中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他的感情生活是复杂多变的。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1927</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月以后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他对婚姻的看法发生了</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">180</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">度的转变</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日记中开始有大量的篇幅写宋美龄</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而蒋介石笔下的宋美龄婀娜多姿</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">温柔动人</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">虽然她也有女人的执拗</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是能够识大体、顾大局</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对蒋介石不仅生活上温柔体贴</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在政治、军事上也极力支持</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石日记中的宋美龄是多姿多彩的。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　情意绵绵</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1927</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石沉浸在春风得意的一场爱情盛典中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">通过多年执着地追求</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他终于得以与宋家三小姐结秦晋之好</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他的心情极好。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日他在宋家的要求下接连举行两次婚礼</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一次是在宋家举行的简洁的教会婚礼</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一次是在大华饭店举行的豪华的、时尚的婚礼。在大华饭店</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">陶醉于鲜花与美酒中的蒋介石</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">看着身着盛装的宋美龄姗姗而出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">忍不住由衷地感慨道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;平生未有之爱情于此一时间并现</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">不知余身置何处矣。&rdquo;这一天</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">醉于爱情之中的蒋介石真有些神魂颠倒了。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　其后沉浸于新婚甜蜜中的蒋介石与宋美龄</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">时而缠绵在上海的家中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">时而沐浴于汤山的温泉</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">此一阶段</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石在日记中充满了喜悦的记述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">家庭幸福是他最喜欢的话题。宋美龄虽然娇柔、婉转</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是仍然表现出难能可贵的冷静</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">她劝诫丈夫要勤于国事</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">要对前途有信心、有抱负</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这与蒋介石的政治野心是一拍即合的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">使蒋介石对宋美龄的感情更是从&ldquo;爱&rdquo;升华到&ldquo;敬&rdquo;。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　婚后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄一度跟随丈夫身边在前线作战</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">她对丈夫照顾得无微不至。但是因为宋美龄的身体状况不好</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">有时不得不离开前线返回上海</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">独在前线的蒋介石在战争间隙不禁勾起对她的思念之情</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">如</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1930</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">8</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日他写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;离家已有两月而战局仍无期了结</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">不惟家中焦灼</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而内心亦滋愧疚也。&rdquo;这一阶段他挣扎在事业和情感之中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1930</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">31</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他忍不住在日记中表露出他的渴慕、矛盾的心理</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;到徐</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">切慕爱妻</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">然叛逆未灭</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">何以家为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">?</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;在军阀混战尚无结果的时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他的野心与权力欲促使他坚守不动。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">9</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄匆匆来到前线陪伴他</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是战事日渐紧张</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他没有时间陪伴妻子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">此时他内心非常矛盾</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是也只能通过日记表达他愧疚的心理</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;今日虽与爱妻同住</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">然而如常办公</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">精神亦贯注于前方无遗</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">爱妻助我以国事为重家事为轻</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">其爱情虽笃</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">至无复加</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但仍促我离彼急进也。&rdquo;蒋介石敬佩宋美龄识大体</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对她的支持存有感激</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在日记中化为对妻子的深深的眷恋之情</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他忍不住感慨道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;依恋之情出于天性</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">吾惟于爱妻</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">人见之也。&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　善解人意</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　在蒋介石看来</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄除了有美貌与才情外</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对子女也充满爱心</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这让蒋出乎意外地惊喜。蒋介石曾将长子蒋经国送往苏联受教育</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">此后就一直没有音信</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这使他承受了来自前妻毛氏等人的极大压力。为了缓解家族的压力</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石希望找到儿子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">让他尽快回国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄对此表现出了极大的理解。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1930</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">11</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日蒋介石在日记中就记载了他与宋美龄、宋霭龄拜谒</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">母墓时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">曾商谈解救蒋经国回国的经过。宋氏姐妹对蒋经国的关心让蒋介石非常感动</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;本日陪孔娣</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">指宋蔼龄</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笔者注</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">拜谒母墓</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">又与妻商谈营救经儿回国事。&rdquo;蒋介石认为当时不是解决问题的最佳时机</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是内心还是感激宋氏姐妹的关心</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;孔娣与吾妻对经儿念念不忘</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">甚可感也。&rdquo;当时美龄的弟弟宋子良与外甥孔令仪姐弟等都在座</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这种居家团圆的景象</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在蒋看来也是不可多得的。更勾起他对蒋经国、蒋纬国的思念。当然</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">婚姻中常常会伴随着矛盾。两人因为有不同的文化背景</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">争吵是难以避免的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他们争吵后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄会不辞而别</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石对此非常烦恼</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但也无可奈何</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一般是以他赔礼道歉告终。婚后不久</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">两人就发生了一场冲突</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">那一天蒋介石还是照常起床到事务所办公</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄也因事外出。蒋介石回到家中后看妻子不在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">就很不高兴</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">免不了发些牢骚</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而宋美龄认为他不够尊重自己</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">于是又回到娘家。蒋介石为此下午病卧在家</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">即便与好友张静江、吴稚辉谈话</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">也心不在焉</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">随后即谢绝朋友的来访。从侍卫口中得知妻子在岳父家后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">就前往寻找</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;闻三妹病在岳家</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">乃扶病连夜往访&rdquo;。蒋介石好言相劝</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">终于得到妻子的谅解</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;彼甚以不自由为病</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">复劝余以进德</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">心颇许之。&rdquo;冲突的结果是蒋介石上门赔礼道歉</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">并下定决心</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">改善自己的坏脾气。但是两人的差距依然存在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在以后的日子中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">两人口角还时有发生。从日记记载来看</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">两人冲突的原因虽然不尽相同</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而结果却是相似的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">最后往往是以宋回娘家</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而蒋亲自去请回为结局。对此蒋介石很少抱怨</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">由于深知自己暴躁的脾气</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他有时会在日记中痛悔自己的行为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1928</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">28</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他记载与美龄冲突后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;午餐后假眠</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">后往下关迎三妹</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">到后知其皮肤病甚剧</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">精神亦衰弱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">心甚不安</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">悔不该与其祯梗也。&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1931</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年&ldquo;九一八&rdquo;事变后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">两人的家庭冲突也一度升级</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是在国难面前</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">美龄在家庭中则表现出宽容与大度。日本人对华发动蓄谋已久的&ldquo;九一八&rdquo;事变</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">中国东北陷入危机</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这使南京国民政府内政、外交处于极为不利的状态。在此内外交困的时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石脾气非常急躁。一言不合</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;妻即不别而自赴上海</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">使余更加一层苦痛。&rdquo;宋美龄回了娘家</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">即&ldquo;自赴上海&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">),</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石茫然不知所措</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而在这种时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他是不能随行的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在南京静待是唯一的选择。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">9</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">29</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在南京中央大学学生冲击南京国民政府外交部后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">上海学生也不断赶赴南京增援</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">局势的变化让宋美龄感到不安</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">所以这次没有等到蒋介石亲自上门来请</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">她便及时回到南京</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">陪伴在蒋介石身边</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;妻回京</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在此危难之中不避艰险来共生死</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">无任感激。&rdquo;宋美龄放弃大小姐的架子主动回到蒋介石的身边</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">让他非常感动</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他觉得妻子不同于一般的旧式中国妇女</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对她的胆识和气量充满了敬意。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　在蒋介石生病的时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄也给予了他周到的照顾。在家庭生活中</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石是一个伤感、多情的人</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1922</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年他生病的时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">因为姚冶诚没有照顾他</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他就在日记中大骂她不贤良。而宋美龄在蒋介石生病中的表现</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">则大大出乎他的意料</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">她完全放下大小姐的骄矜与柔弱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对他照顾得无微不至。妻子的善良与关爱深深感动了蒋介石</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1934</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">2</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">23</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他在日记中记载生病后&ldquo;妻护病保身</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">无刻不在心</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">无微不至</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">诚贤良也。&rdquo;因为操劳过度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄自己也生病了</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1934</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">8</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1 </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石在日记中又表达了对她的愧疚之情</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;妻为我受热忍苦致病可感也。&rdquo;蒋介石这场病相当凶险</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他愧悔拖累了宋美龄</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他自己的身体到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1934</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">8</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日依然没有完全康复</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;本日身体疲乏一如伤寒后行将复元之苦痛</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">故终日休息。&rdquo;尽管他自己仍然受到病痛的困扰</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在日记中表达的更多是对妻子劳累的不安</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;本日注射</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">体力甚乏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">晚见鲍使</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">鲍罗廷</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">苏联特使</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笔者注</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;妻侍病护疾</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">忧劳异甚</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">其诚切实过于割肉疗疾也。&rdquo;割肉疗疾是古时的典故</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">指妻子、臣子割自己的肉做药引医治丈夫、长官的病</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">比喻妻子、臣子的忠心。蒋介石用此典故</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是想强烈地表达对妻子的感激。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　蒋介石每到美龄的生日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他都会在日记中提及并予以祝福</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">如</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1934</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">28</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他在日记中记述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">本日&ldquo;为阴历二月十二日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">即妻之诞辰也。&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1936</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">又提到相同的内容</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;本日为旧历二月十二日妻之诞辰</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">精神甚好</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">乐焉融融。&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1937</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">24</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">又写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;本日为旧历二月十二日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">吾妻三十八岁</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">为妻修正西安回顾录。&rdquo;为妻子修订稿件</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是蒋介石对宋美龄表达爱慕之情的一种方式。另外从</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1927</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年以后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">每逢结婚纪念日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石在日记中都会提及</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以为纪念。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　侠骨柔肠</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　其实最让蒋介石感动的还不是侍疾熬药的细微琐事</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而是在军阀混战的生死关头</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄予以他倾力支持</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这曾经是蒋介石在中原大战转败为胜的重要原因之一。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　蒋介石任用宋子文做财政部长</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是希望娘家人能为他在战争中提供可靠的经济支持</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是面对巨大的财政赤字</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋子文对蒋介石的内战政策是不满的。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1930</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">19</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日记载的一件事</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">表明了蒋介石与宋子文的矛盾。宋子文担任财政部长以后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在中原大战中拒绝筹措军费</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石在前方对于粮草的需求则急如星火</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">如果没有及时、足够的资金支持</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石很可能在军阀战争中失利</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">不但会失去已有的权力</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">甚至有可能性命不保。宋美龄听说后恳求她兄长</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">让其设法为蒋介石筹款</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是在这个问题上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋子文也很倔强</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他坚决反对蒋介石的内战政策</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">不愿战争拖垮经济</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">因此也非常固执</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">拒绝了他三妹的请求</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在求告无果的情况下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄决定变卖房子首饰并拿出全部积蓄</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">还发誓如果蒋介石在前方殉难</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">她也将一同赴死。宋美龄的做法震撼了家人</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋子文为此也转变了态度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他决定对蒋介石的军队发放款项。宋美龄的坚持</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">挽救了军阀混战中的蒋介石及其军队</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这让蒋介石非常感动。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石因此更坚定了自己的政治野心。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1936</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">2</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">14</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日他写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;近日身体虽劳而心神甚乐</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">夫妻同心</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">前途远大也。&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">15</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日又写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;下午往汤山休沐</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">夫妻和爱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是以增强一切效能。&rdquo;家庭幸福、生活愉快是这一时期他的日记中的主题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他对自己的婚姻生活非常满意。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1936</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄在上海开刀治病</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">据说当时情况很危险</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">手术的时候</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石在南京</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,6</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石急匆匆赶到上海</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">见到开刀后恢复良好的宋美龄</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">感叹地写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;幸获上天保佑彼我夫妻得以相见</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">不胜感谢。&rdquo;可以看出他曾经非常挂念妻子的病痛和安全</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">也可以从中揣测他内心的焦虑和获取妻子平安信息后的快乐心情。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　沉浸在家庭欢乐之中的蒋介石</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1936</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">23</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日又写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;下午批阅与妻看拍</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">排</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">球</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">夫妻和睦之快乐甚于仙子登天乎。&rdquo;随后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">26</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">因为宋美龄晚上说梦话</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他感到极大的不安</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄因为白天的劳乏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;深夜呓语失知觉约一小时余。&rdquo;蒋介石非常不安</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在日记中写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对此&ldquo;不胜忧惶&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,9</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">29</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日又庆幸地记载</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;妻自余到后精神已渐复元</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">风疹几痊愈矣。&rdquo;对此悬心多日的蒋介石才如释重负。在蒋介石的笔下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋美龄是娇弱多病的。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　母显子贵</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　美龄没有生育子女</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石认为是一大遗憾。为了巩固宋美龄在蒋家的地位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石曾经在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1934</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年和</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1936</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年两立遗嘱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">嘱咐他的两个儿子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他俩只有一个母亲&mdash;&mdash;宋美龄。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1934</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">7</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石在日记中记载了他给宋美龄的第一份遗嘱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;本日在舰中与妻常提家事</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">并念如余死后之家事约记如下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以代遗嘱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一、余死后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">不愿国葬</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而愿与爱妻美龄同葬于紫金山紫霞洞之西侧山腹之横路上</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">二、余死后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">凡武岭学校以及不属于丰镐房者全归爱妻美龄管理</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">三、余死后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">经国与纬国两儿皆须听从其母美龄之教训</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">凡认余为父者只能认余爱妻美龄为母</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">不能有第二人为母也。&rdquo;这份遗嘱将家内、家外的事情做了安排</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">显然不是一时冲动</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而一再强调宋美龄是他两个儿子的惟一合法母亲</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">其目的是要人明确美龄在家中的地位。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1936</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月蒋介石前往西安指挥东北军与西北军剿共</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">随后张学良与杨虎城扣押了蒋介石。这次事变中蒋介石受到很大刺激</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他认为自己生还的几率很小</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">所以</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1936</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">15</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他给宋美龄留下了第二份遗嘱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;大意为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">对于家事他无所言</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">惟</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">挂念</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">经国与纬国两儿</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">二儿</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">既为余之子亦即为余妻之子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">务望余妻视如己出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以慰余灵而已。&rdquo;他在感受到危难时向宋美龄托付后事</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">正是他二人感情发展的合理结果。对此</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1938</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">13</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石又在日记中详细做了追述</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;前年在西安寄妻与两子之遗嘱。读之不禁有隔世之感</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&lsquo;贤妻爱鉴</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">兄不自检竟</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">遭此不测之祸</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">致令至爱忧伤</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">罪何可言</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">?</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">今事既至此</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">惟有不愧为吾妻之丈夫</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&hellip;&hellip;家事无挂念</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">惟经国与纬国两儿</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">皆为兄之子亦即吾妻之子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">万望至爱视如己出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以慰吾灵。&rsquo;经儿远离十年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">其近日性情如何</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">兄固不得而知</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">惟纬儿至孝知义</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">其必能克尽孝道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">彼于我遭难前一日尚来函</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">极想为吾至爱尽其孝道也。&hellip;&hellip;&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　又嘱经纬两儿</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;&hellip;&hellip;&lsquo;我一生惟有宋女士为我惟一之妻</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">如你们自认为为我之子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">则宋女士亦即为两儿之惟一母</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">我死之后</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">无论何时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">皆须以你母亲宋女士之命是从</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以慰吾灵是属。父</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">20</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rsquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　在两份遗嘱中一再强调宋美龄是他两个儿子的唯一合法母亲</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">正是因为蒋介石出于他的爱慕之情</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他希望通过强调她的母亲身份</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">从而确立她独一无二的蒋夫人地位。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　但是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石觉得这一切还不够</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">于是他又在家谱中进一步强调。蒋介石在亲自修订的家谱中给宋美龄很高的评价</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">关于自己</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他写道</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;周泰</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">原名瑞元</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一名中正</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">字介石</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">肇聪次子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">保定全国陆军速成学堂毕业</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">高田野炮兵第十三团士官候补生</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">大元帅参谋长</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">大本营参谋长</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">黄埔陆军军官学校校长</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">国民革命军总司令陆海空军总司令行政院院长</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">军事委员会委员长</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">中国国民党总裁</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">国民政府主席</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">第一任大总统。清光绪十三年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(1887</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笔者注</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">丁亥九月十五日午时出生</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">光绪三十三年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(1907</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笔者注</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">加入同盟会</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">民国十九年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(1930</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笔者注</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">十月受基督教洗礼。配毛氏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">民国十年出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">为慈庵王太夫人义女</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">民国十六年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(1927</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笔者注</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">继配宋氏</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">美国韦尔斯莱大学博士</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">立法院委员</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">中国国民党中央执行委员。光绪二十五年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(1899</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笔者注</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">已亥二月十二日生</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">子二</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">经国纬国。&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　他的原配夫人毛氏变为他母亲的义女。而宋美龄成为他唯一合法妻子</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他两个儿子的合法母亲</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">虽然从尊重历史事实的角度看</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">未免荒唐、滑稽</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但是从整个策划和实施的过程</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">可见他树立宋美龄在蒋家地位的苦心。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　对于蒋介石与宋美龄的婚姻历来有很多猜测</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而关于对这场婚姻的评价</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋庆龄的转变具有戏剧性</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">据斯诺记载</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;我初次会见宋庆龄时</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">她说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这个婚姻的双方都是处于投机</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">其中绝无爱情可言&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">后来到了中日战争</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋庆龄的观点有所改变</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;&lsquo;开始时他们的婚姻并不是爱情的结合&rsquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,1940</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年的一天</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋庆龄在香港对我说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&lsquo;但是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">现在我认为是了。美龄真心爱蒋介石</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石也同样爱她</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">没有美龄</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他也许会坏得多&rsquo;&rdquo;。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　　然而两者的婚姻的定性需要更多一手资料的支持</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">由于宋美龄的材料比较零散</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">搜集、寻找有一定困难</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">蒋介石日记对于探询二者的婚姻就更有价值。虽然蒋介石日记作为蒋个人的内心独白不乏荒谬、怪诞</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以及有歪曲事实的地方</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但关于他婚姻的记载还是有一定可信度的。从蒋介石日记中我们可以看出</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他与宋美龄是有感情的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">他们之间的相互关爱是他们结婚后的前十年家庭的主旋律。</span></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font color="#0000ff">&nbsp;</font></span></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">摘自：档案春秋　<span style="font-size: 14pt">□</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">薛念文</span></span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt"> http://qkzz.net/article/e8593c6c-77c0-47b2-a20a-e539f9ce6e75_3.htm</span></font></div><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73085/</link>
</item>
<item>
<title>盘点14种已灭绝远古巨兽 </title>
<description><![CDATA[<div id="paperTitleArea" style="background-image: url(/qzone/space_item/orig/13/40269_t5.gif); margin-top: 35px; width: 690px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center 50%; margin-bottom: 35px; height: 70px; margin-left: 65px" align="center"><span id="paperTitle" style="display: block; word-break: break-all; font-weight: bolder; padding-top: 25px"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="function() {
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}">盘点14种已灭绝远古巨兽</font></span></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div id="blogDetailDiv" style="font-size: 16px">
<p>盘点14种已灭绝远古巨兽</p>
<h2>1、恐鸟</h2>
<p>恐鸟是一种不会飞行的鸟类，生活在公元前1500年的新西兰。由于遭到毛利部落的疯狂捕杀，这种鸟类已经灭绝。虽然在身体上拥有绝对优势，但这不足以帮助恐鸟对抗人类锋利的长矛。恐鸟身高可达到12英尺(约合3.65米)，体重超过500磅(约合227公斤)，现代鸵鸟站在它们面前只能算是一个侏儒。</p>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 280px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215316-1427341632.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215316-1427341632.jpg" width="280" height="300" eventslistuid="e3" quotetimer="281137368" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215316-1427341632.jpg" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
</div>
<h2>2、上龙</h2>
<p>上龙曾出没于世界上的海洋，强大的力量和可怕的速度赋予它们惊人的攻击能力。它们的脖子较短但颚部巨大，是效率极高的杀戮机器。根据当前发现的最大的上龙骨架化石，这种动物体长可达到令人难以置信的52英尺(约合15.84米)，仅头部长度就达到近8英尺(约合2.43米)。</p>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 280px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215328-767785426.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215328-767785426.jpg" width="280" height="300" eventslistuid="e4" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215328-767785426.jpg" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
</div>
<h2>3、巨猿</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215339-1053972134.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215339-1053972134.jpg" width="300" height="293" eventslistuid="e5" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215339-1053972134.jpg" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 巨猿可能就是金刚的原型，它们在外形上与现代猿较为类似，所不同的是，它们的体型更为硕大。巨猿是历史上出现的肌肉最发达的猿，身高达到近10英尺(约合3.04米)，体重超过1000磅(约合453公斤)。它们是现代猩猩的远亲，绝大多数相关绘画作品均将这一因素考虑在内。</p>
<h2>4、旋齿鲨</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215349-1587029479.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215349-1587029479.jpg" width="300" height="213" eventslistuid="e6" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215349-1587029479.jpg" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 尽管生活在近3亿年前，旋齿鲨仍与它们的现代近亲类似。现代鲨鱼长有数排锯齿状牙齿，一旦有牙齿脱落便会长出新牙。相比之下，旋齿鲨颚部位置较低，牙齿排列出的形状看上去有点像一个圆锯，它们的新牙会不断长出并把旧牙推到前端。对于这种怪异牙齿结构所处位置，科学家仍存在一些异议，但不管是位于口腔内还是喉咙深处，这都是一个独特而令人吃惊的特征。</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>5、戈氏鸟</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215359-939477726.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215359-939477726.jpg" width="300" height="292" eventslistuid="e7" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215359-939477726.jpg" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 戈氏鸟又称&ldquo;加斯顿鸟&rdquo;，此前也被称之为&ldquo;冠恐鸟&rdquo;，是另一种令人恐怖的大型不飞鸟。其最令其它动物恐怖的所在当属它们的大喙，传递出&ldquo;我是肉食动物&rdquo;这个信息。</p>
</div>
<h2>6、邓氏鱼</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 288px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215408-1312070327.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215408-1312070327.jpg" width="288" height="300" eventslistuid="e8" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215408-1312070327.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="281131974" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 鲨鱼在地球上生存的历史已经超过4亿年，相比之下，邓氏鱼的生存史较短，只有5000万年。它们的身长最高可达到30英尺(约合9.14米)，体重超过4吨。邓氏鱼是所在家族最后的成员，我们现在已无法找到任何与之有血缘关系的后代。</p>
<h2>7、泰坦蟒</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215419-762445222.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215419-762445222.jpg" width="300" height="87" eventslistuid="e9" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215419-762445222.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="281131983" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 泰坦蟒身长可达到50英尺(约合15.24米)，体重超过2500磅(约合1134公斤)，这两个数字已经足以说明它们的可怕之处。泰坦蟒早在近5800万年前就已灭绝，形象地说，它们就像是将现代蟒蛇放大后的产物。</p>
<h2>8、远古蜈蚣虫</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215427-1061569394.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215427-1061569394.jpg" width="300" height="289" eventslistuid="e10" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215427-1061569394.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="281132000" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 远古蜈蚣虫身长可达到8.5英尺(约合2.59米)，是所有房屋业主最可怕的噩梦。它们的外形与现代蜈蚣类似，是陆地上出现的首批无脊椎动物之一，几乎没有任何动物将它们当成盘中餐。庆幸的是，这种动物生活在3亿多年前，现在已永远不会突然现身任何人的走廊。</p>
<h2>9、有角囊地鼠</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215437-1350708824.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215437-1350708824.jpg" width="300" height="112" eventslistuid="e11" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215437-1350708824.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="281132018" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 即使是体型最小的动物也值得我们关注，有角囊地鼠(学名Ceratogaulus Rhinoceros)自然就在被关注之列。作为体型最小的有角哺乳动物，它们至少应得到我们的承认。科学家最初认为，角是一个挖掘工具，但现在绝大多数人认同&ldquo;充当防御武器&rdquo;这一观点。</p>
<h2>10、巨型羽翅鲎</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 285px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215446-763088236.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215446-763088236.jpg" width="285" height="300" eventslistuid="e12" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215446-763088236.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="-1" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 巨型羽翅鲎与Arthropleuria类似，所不同的是，前者生活在海洋。这种&ldquo;海蝎&rdquo;(只是外形与蝎子相像)的体长超过8英尺(约合2.43米)，是体型最大的外形好似玩具的螯虾，生活在距今3.9亿年前。</p>
<h2>11、马门溪龙</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 280px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215456-1258166982.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215456-1258166982.jpg" width="280" height="300" eventslistuid="e13" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215456-1258166982.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="-1" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 马门溪龙与另一种著名的恐龙&mdash;&mdash;雷龙外形非常相似，唯一的不同就是脖子长度。它们的脖长最高可达到46英尺(约合14.02米)，占到身体总长的一半。马门溪龙是一种食草恐龙，生活在距今1.5亿年前。</p>
<h2>12、巨型短面袋鼠</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215506-1523474261.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215506-1523474261.jpg" width="300" height="126" eventslistuid="e14" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215506-1523474261.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="281132042" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 巨型短面袋鼠身高可达到10英尺(约合3.04米)，体重可达到500磅(约合227公斤)，与它们的现代近亲拥有一些相似的特征。所不同的是，它们的面部较短，足部也存在微小差异。巨型短面袋鼠生活在距今1.8万年前，人类活动最终导致它们走向灭绝。</p>
<h2>13、长颈驼</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215518-183587650.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215518-183587650.jpg" width="300" height="276" eventslistuid="e15" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215518-183587650.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="281132051" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 长颈驼生活在距今大约2万年前，是查尔斯&middot;达尔文搭乘&ldquo;小猎犬&rdquo;号游历期间首先发现的。从外表来看，这种动物好似不同动物的混合体，它们长着大象般的长鼻子，但个头较小，体形则让人联想到骆驼。由于体型太大，它们不可能拥有很快的速度，而相对于潜在的捕食者来说，它们的体型又太小，不足以吓跑敌人，因此从来就没有太多的逃生机会。</p>
<h2>14、砂犷兽</h2>
<div class="topic_con">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="text_img ed_imgfloat_right" style="width: 300px"><a class="ed_image_link" title="点击查看大图" href="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/20100128215529-1125928803.jpg" target="_blank"><img title="" alt="图片" src="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215529-1125928803.jpg" width="300" height="278" eventslistuid="e16" orgsrc="http://pic.wenwen.soso.com/p/20100128/bki-20100128215529-1125928803.jpg" bloaded="true" loadingtimer="281132061" style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" /></a></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 砂犷兽体型巨大，靠后腿和关节行走，利用长臂拉下高处树枝，而后吃上面的树叶。它们行动缓慢，大多数时间都在吃树叶中度过。其唯一的防御手段就是依靠巨大的体型和前肢的爪子，所有这些武器均可用于抵御现代捕食者的进攻。虽然现在看来，这种方式有些不可思议，但当时却比较普遍。</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73076/</link>
</item>
<item>
<title>深深祝福我的学园朋友</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: 24px">深深祝福我的学园朋友</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: 24px">虎年送头虎，全家乐悠悠。<br />
虎蹄为你开财路，虎尾为你拂忧愁，<br />
虎耳为你撞鸿运，</span><span style="font-size: 24px">虎背为你驮康寿， <br />
让这头虎伴你左右，你不虎也虎！ <br />
虎年的钟声里举起杯，<br />
任酒的醇香在空气中荡漾，<br />
任我对你的感激在杯里慢慢沉淀，<br />
深深祝福我的朋友<br />
虎年的钟声里举起杯，<br />
任酒的醇香在空气中荡漾，<br />
任我对你的感激在杯里慢慢沉淀，<br />
深深祝福我的朋友，<br />
祝你新年幸福美满，健康快乐！</span></span><font color="#0000ff" size="5"><br />
</font></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: 24px"><a href="http://wish.cn12.net/?stra=%C4%AA%C9%F1%D0%C7">http://wish.cn12.net/?stra=%C4%AA%C9%F1%D0%C7</a></span></span></p><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73073/</link>
</item>
<item>
<title>中国法制史练习题答案</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;<b>&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></span></span></p>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">中国法制史练习题答案</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">一、单选</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">1、我国古代神权法思想形成于（夏）。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2、商代，商王专设了&ldquo;卜&rdquo;、&ldquo;巫&rdquo;、&ldquo;祝&rdquo;，其主要任务是（占卜）。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">3、我国夏商奴隶制社会的法律思想是（神权法思想）。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">4、神权法得到巨大发展是在（殷商）。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">5、周公为了使西周的统治合法化，提出了（&ldquo;以德配天&rdquo;）学说。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">6、周公制礼，采用了与前朝不同的统治方式，礼治是以（&ldquo;亲亲&rdquo;&ldquo;尊尊&rdquo;）为基本原则的。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">7、西周的王位继承是（嫡长子继承制）。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">8．主张用贤能，并创立&ldquo;三选&rdquo;制度的是（管仲）。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">9．春秋时期，（子产）提出为政&ldquo;宽猛&rdquo;的主张。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、朱熹&ldquo;以严为本，而以宽济之&rdquo;的思想体现在刑罚上为（主张恢复肉刑）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、王安石设（制置三司条例司）为变法机构。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、明朝有位著名&ldquo;心学&rdquo;大师，反对程颐、程颢的&ldquo;知先行后&rdquo;的理论，奉行&ldquo;知行合一&rdquo;的理论，特别重视礼仪教化的重要性，反对专靠&ldquo;刑名器数&rdquo;，他的名字是（王守仁）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、（王夫之）提出&ldquo;立法必须循天下之公&rdquo;。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、王夫之的变法观点是&ldquo;（趋时更新）&rdquo;。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">6</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、明初统治者法律思想的特点是（重刑）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">7</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;立法以便民为本&rdquo;是（丘濬）提出的主张。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">8</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、提出&ldquo;三不足&rdquo;变法论的是（王安石）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">9</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、元朝耶律楚材主张治国用（儒术）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">10</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、魏源的变法主张是&ldquo;（变古愈尽，便民愈甚）&rdquo;。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">11</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、提出&ldquo;礼乐刑罚起源于农&rdquo;观点的是（龚自珍）</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、在老子看来，最理想的治国方案是（无为而治）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、（商鞅）提出&ldquo;不法古&rdquo;、&ldquo;不修今&rdquo;的变法理论。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、韩非的变法观点是（法与时转则治）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、提出&ldquo;深督轻罪&rdquo;思想的是（李斯）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、（董仲舒）提出&ldquo;大德而小刑&rdquo;的主张。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">6</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、《淮南子》以（道家）思想为主，同时又融合儒、法、阴阳各家的思想。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">7</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、提出&ldquo;越名教而任自然&rdquo;的法哲学思想的是（嵇康）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">8</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、张斐认为法律的基本精神是（礼）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">9</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、为尽量避免冤狱，明确规定地方无杀人权，首创&ldquo;九卿评议制&rdquo;的皇帝是（唐太宗李世民）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">10</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、确定&ldquo;德礼为政教之本，刑罚为政教之用&rdquo;的法典是（《唐律疏议》）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">11</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、柳宗元认为决定国家和法律产生的是（势）。</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、洪秀全受基督教《劝世良言》的启发，创立了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">拜上帝会</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、下列人物，属于近代&ldquo;洋务派&rdquo;法律思想的代表者是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">张之洞</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">) </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、洋务派法律思想的基本主张是（中学为体，西学为用）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、提倡&ldquo;变法维新&rdquo;，坚持君主立宪的是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">资产阶级改良派</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、清末修律的指导方针是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">中外通行，有裨治理</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">6</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、在中国近代，主张兼重法治与人治的学者是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">沈家本</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">7</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、孙中山&ldquo;五权宪法&rdquo;的精华是（直接民权）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">8</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、孙中山认为，中国古代最好的制度是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">考试</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">9</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、资产阶级革命派的代表人物是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">章太炎</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">10</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;犯罪不论新旧，断罪自当一律&rdquo;是（沈家本）提出的法须统一的主张。</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</span></font></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">二、多选</span></span></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1.</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">道家提倡实行愚民政策，消除人们对物质和精神生活的追求，主张（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">ABC</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">A</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、绝仁弃义</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、绝圣弃智</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、绝巧弃利</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、秦朝&ldquo;法治&rdquo;思想的内容有（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">BCD</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、法</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、术</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> D</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、势</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、汉初黄老学派的法律思想包括：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(ABCD)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">A</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、无为而治，&ldquo;与民休息&rdquo;　</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、文武并用，&ldquo;德刑相济&rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;罚不患薄&rdquo;，约法省刑</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">D</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;轻徭薄赋&rdquo;，&ldquo;以粟为赏罚&rdquo;</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、刘颂重法主张的主要内容是（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">ABC</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">A.</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、恢复肉刑</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、文约而例直，听省而禁简</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、法令断一</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、唐初统治集团的法律思想是（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">BCD</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、安人宁国</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、务在宽简</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">D</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、明正赏罚</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">6</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、白居易在正确运用法律方面提出的颇有进步意义的主张有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(BCDE). </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、理大罪，赦小过</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、消除犯罪，止狱措刑</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">D</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、肉刑可废不可复</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">E</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、慎选司法官吏</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、封建正统法律思想的基本内容是</span><span lang="EN-US">(ACDE). </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">皇权至上，法自君出</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">应经合义，礼法融合</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US">D</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">&ldquo;三纲&rdquo;是立法的根本原则</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US">E</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">德主刑辅，先教后刑</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、王夫之改革封建法制的主张有（</span><span lang="EN-US">AD</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、律简刑清</span><span lang="EN-US"> D</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、严于治吏</span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
</font></span></span></font></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">1、周礼具有以下性质（ABCD）</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">A道德规则B宗教仪式C法律规则D根本大法</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2、周公是我国古代奴隶社会时期，对后世影响最大的思想家，周公在我国法律思想史上的贡献有（ABC）</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">A西周礼治思想的奠基人 B提出明德慎罚思想 C提出&ldquo;以德配天&rdquo;的君权神授说。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">3．春秋时期是社会大变革时期，社会阶级政治关系发生了大变动，其主要表现有（ABCD）。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">A．奴隶主贵族内部发生了分化，出现了新的封建性的贵族</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">B．产生了新兴地主的独立的商人阶层</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">C．宗法&ldquo;礼制&rdquo;衰落</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">D．诞生了新的郡县制、官僚制和新成文法</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">4．&ldquo;国之四维&rdquo;包括（AC）。 A．礼、义 C．廉、耻</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">5．墨家法律观的核心是（AB） A.兼相爱 B.交相利</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;中体西用&rdquo;是张之洞思想的核心。它表现在法律主张上，就是（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">ABCD</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">A</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．坚持维护以纲常名教为本的旧法律</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．坚持宽猛相济、刚柔结合的统治方法</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．要求用形变质不变的方法整顿旧法</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> D</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．采西法以补中法之不足</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、张之洞提出的&ldquo;法律本原实与经术相表里&rdquo;的含义是（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">ABCD</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">A</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．&ldquo;经术&rdquo;指纲常名教，是法律的经义所在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．法律是&ldquo;表&rdquo;，即形式</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．经术是&ldquo;里&rdquo;，即内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">D</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．法律的作用强制老百姓服从封建统治秩序</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、清末修律中&ldquo;法理派&rdquo;的主要观点有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">(BC)</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、法须统一，平等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> C</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;平恕&rdquo;为审断之本</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、在中国历史上，两次大的礼法之争发生在（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">BD</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">B</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．春秋战国</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> D</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">．清末</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
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<div><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></div>
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<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">三、填空</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">1、夏、商、西周的神权法思想有一个发展变化的过程：形成于夏代，极盛于殷商，动摇于西周。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2、礼不下庶人，刑不上大夫。《礼记&bull;曲礼上》。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">3、&ldquo;政之所兴，在顺民心；政之所废，在逆民心&rdquo;。《管子牧民》。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">4、邓析的改革思想可以归纳为八个字，即：&ldquo;不法先王，不是礼义&rdquo;。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">5、&ldquo;仓廪实则知礼节，衣食足则知荣辱&rdquo;的著名论断，是由管仲提出的。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">6、孔子倡导仁者&ldquo;爱人&rdquo;，要求&ldquo;克己复礼&rdquo;。他的法律观的核心是仁。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">7、孔子继承&ldquo;为亲者讳&rdquo;的周礼原则，在司法方面提出了&ldquo;仁者，爱人&rdquo;的主张。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">8、&ldquo;民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻&rdquo;。《孟子尽心上》</span></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;窃钩者诛，窃国者侯&rdquo;是（庄子）的著名论断。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、韩非主张法、（势）、术相结合。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、董仲舒所讲的&ldquo;五常&rdquo;是指仁、谊（义）、礼、（信）、（智）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、参加《泰始律》制定的人主要有（贾充）、郑冲、杜预等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">14</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、杜预对律、令所下的定义是：&ldquo;律以正（罪名），令以存事制&rdquo;。</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、朱熹法律思想的核心是（存天理，灭人欲）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、（王安石）的&ldquo;有司议罪，惟当守法&rdquo;主张突破了儒家以经议决狱，颇有法家的&ldquo;法治&rdquo;精神。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、在德礼、政刑的关系上，朱熹主张&ldquo;（德礼政刑）&rdquo;。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、（黄宗羲）最先提出&ldquo;有治法而后又治人&rdquo;的主张</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、黄宗羲将维护君主利益的法律称为&ldquo;（一家之法）&rdquo;。</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、张之洞主张，法律必须以（纲常名数）为本源。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、康有为提出的变君主专制为君主立宪的三个具体方案是：（设代院），制定宪法，（实行三权分立）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、在中国近代史上，洪仁玕曾提出&ldquo;法贵得人&rdquo;的主张，但以丰富的历史事实来加以阐发并付诸实践的当属（沈家本）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、沈家本修律的基本原则是&ldquo;（参与古今），博稽中外。&rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、孙中山曾将他的三民主义的&ldquo;一贯之精神&rdquo;概括为自由、（平等）、博爱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ''''Calibri'''',''''sans-serif''''; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: ''''Times New Roman''''; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: ''''Times New Roman''''; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、章太炎设计的总统制共和国是（资产阶级）的法治国家。</span><span style="font-family: ''''Calibri'''',''''sans-serif''''; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: ''''Times New Roman''''; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> </span></span></span></p>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">四、名词解释</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">1、明德慎罚：西周初年，周公吸取殷商灭亡的教训，提出了&ldquo;明德慎罚&rdquo;思想。所谓&ldquo;明德&rdquo;就是要加强自我克制，实行德治。周公要求统治者勤政修德，力戒荒淫，要惠民&ldquo;裕民&rdquo;使远近的人民都来归附所谓&ldquo;慎罚&rdquo;就是要谨慎用刑。周公主张区别对待，罪止一身，刑罪适中，反对乱杀无辜。在当时的历史条件下，这是一种先进的理论，并对后世的立法和司法产生过好的影响，对此后法律思想的发展起过积极的作用。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2、《竹刑》：春秋时郑国大夫邓析私自编制的刑书，因刻于竹简上，故称《竹刑》。《竹刑》是邓析批判传统，不满改良的产物，因为它更能适应新兴地主阶级的要求。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">3、父子相隐：是&ldquo;为亲者讳&rdquo;的周礼原则在判断是非与犯罪问题上的反映。孔丘认为，父子之间应该互相隐瞒犯罪，而不应该互相告发。这一主张是以家庭为本位的宗法制度在司法方面的具体体现，也是后来封建法律允许亲属相隐的张本。</span></span></div>
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<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">4、人存政举：这是人治思想在立法方面的表现。孔丘提出&ldquo;礼岳征伐自天子臣&rdquo;，只有&ldquo;天子&rdquo;或君主才能制礼作乐，才有立法大权。因此，天子或君主便维系着国家的命运。</span></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、定分止争：先秦法家关于法的作用的观点。认为法有&ldquo;安分止争&rdquo;，&ldquo;兴功禁暴&rdquo;的作用。所谓&ldquo;定分&rdquo;是指确定事物的权利名分。商鞅认为，当事物的权利名分确定后，就可以禁止争夺。法家把法和财产关系直接联系起来，主张用法来确认私有权，其目的在于保护地主阶级的经济利益。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、以法为教，以吏为师：语出《韩非子五蠹（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">du</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）》，原文为&ldquo;明主之国，无书简之文，以法为教；无先王之语，以吏为师。&rdquo;意为英明的君主治理国家，不用典籍，而用法令作教材；不用先王的言论，而用官吏作教师。这是韩非文化专制主义的重要内容。秦朝统治者继承了这种文化专制思想。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、张杜律：晋颁行《秦始律》后，张斐，杜预又分别对其加以注释，采汉世律家诸说之长，以礼为本，以经注律，使律典充分体现礼的宗旨，张斐，杜预对晋律的注释使汉魏以来法律修订和注解的的理论更加系统。其标志着律学已成为依据经义原则，研究法律的独立学科。张，杜的注释推进了古代对法典体例，刑法原则，刑名诠释研究的发展，张，杜的注释经晋武帝批准，诏颁天下与晋律视为体，后世称之为&ldquo;张杜律&rdquo;。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、安人宁国：唐朝统治者理发的指导思想。在这一思想的指导下，唐初立法以儒为本，兼采道，法，既德政，又重无为而治，同时又讲求&ldquo;垂法而治&rdquo;。</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">&ldquo;安人宁国&rdquo;是唐初统治阶级以隋为鉴，总结历史经验的结晶。</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、王安石&ldquo;三不足&rdquo;</span><font face="Calibri"> </font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">：</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：北宋王安石实行变法的理论基础即&ldquo;天变不足畏，祖宗不足恤&rdquo;在王安石变法时，许多守旧派纷纷以天变为依据，认为灾异是上天对新法的惩处，王安石认为，法应随时而变通，以安国安民为目的，不能照搬成法，故&ldquo;祖宗不足法&rdquo;守旧派又以人言可恤阻止变法，认为新法违背人意，王安石认为立法不应以人言为准则，只要利国利民。&ldquo;人言不是恤&rdquo;&ldquo;三不足&rdquo;表现了王安石变改旧制的决心同时也是对中国古代变法理论的发展。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、存天理，灭人欲</span><font face="Calibri"> </font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">：（学习指导</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">163</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">页）宋代程朱理学的重要观点&ldquo;天理&rdquo;指封建纲常伦理，宇宙之间，一理而已，其张之为纲，其纪之为五常。&ldquo;人欲&rdquo;指违背天理的意念和超过生存需要的物质欲望，理学家把封建秩序说成是不可侵犯的&ldquo;天理&rdquo;，天理人欲可见存天理，灭人欲是维护封建统治秩序的思想工具。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;师夷长技以制夷&rdquo;</span><font face="Calibri"> </font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">：（学习指导</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">205</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">页）这是魏源总结鸦片战争失败的惨痛教训之后，提出的口号。要求学习西方资本主义先进的科学技术，制造新式武器，以达到战而胜的目的。他要求要善于&ldquo;师夷&rdquo;，夷之&ldquo;长技&rdquo;有三：一战舰，二火器，三养兵练兵之法。</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;法制以遵行为要&rdquo;</span><font face="Calibri"> </font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">：洪仁玕他认为，治国而先立法，而立善法，而立法之后首要任务是要严格遵行。洪仁玕强调严格执法，有三方面的内容。</span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">a</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、国家官吏须以身作则，不得肆意毁法；</span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">b</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、执法者要刚正不阿，不畏权贵；</span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">c</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、平明赏罚。做到有功必赏，以此确定法律权威，发挥法律的作用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;以礼自治，以礼治人&rdquo;</span><font face="Calibri"> </font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">：以礼自治，就是用礼来呼吁他的同道，在所谓四方多难，纲纪紊乱之际，谨守封建伦常与法纪，加强统治阶级内部的团结，同心协力的镇压天平天国农民起义。所谓以礼治人，就是用礼来辞异端，政纲记，强迫人民接受礼的统治。由于礼是引导人民按照封建统治秩序行事的行为规范，将人们的言行拘囿于封建主义的轨道之中，从而具有约束人们行动，防患于未然的作用。曾国藩主张的礼治，并不是要把它作为维护清王统治的一种重要的工具。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、&ldquo;凡律无正条者，皆不得处罚&rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> :</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">沈本家罪行法定的思想。他继承和发展了西晋刘颂的&ldquo;律法断罪，皆当以法律令正文&rdquo;的思想，强调律法断罪以法律为准，这种&ldquo;法无明文不为罪&rdquo;的法律思想，具有反封建人治的进步意义。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、直接民权：新民权主义的重要内容之一，实现&ldquo;主权在尾&rdquo;的保障，也是无权宪法的精华所在。孙中山以为西方的直接民权难以全面维护&ldquo;主权在民&rdquo;的宗旨，故&ldquo;于间接民权外，复行直接民权&rdquo;。即为国者，不但有选举权，且兼有创制，复决，罢官诸权，其中选举权，创制权，体现了主权在民，罢免权，复决权体现了人民保留收回权。直接民权突破，补充了三权分立的政治结构模式。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">五、简答</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">1、西周&ldquo;礼治&rdquo;的基本原则</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">答：周公所制的礼，是维护宗法等级制的工具。它严格维护着奴隶主贵族所享有的各种特权及其内部上下等级之间的秩序。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&ldquo;亲亲&rdquo;、&ldquo;尊尊&rdquo;是周礼的基本原则。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（1）&ldquo;亲亲&rdquo;即亲其所亲，要按血缘宗法关系来区别贵贱，使亲者贵，疏者贱，必须亲爱自己的亲属，特别是尊亲属，做到父慈，子孝，兄友，弟恭。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（2）&ldquo;尊尊&rdquo;即尊其所尊，凡居高位的都是尊者，居其下者应尊其上。奴隶和平民必须服从奴隶主贵族，不得违抗；下级贵族也要服从上级贵族，所有贵族服从周天子，不许犯上，不得僭越。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2、试述管仲法律思想的主要内容</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">答：管仲的立法主张有两个特点，一是物质经济利益的地位，二是重商。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（1）管仲认为，立法必须顺应民心，以民心向背为原则，&ldquo;政之所兴，在顺民心；政之所废，在逆民心&rdquo;，物质利益的满足是遵守礼义法度的前提，他提出&ldquo;仓廪实则知礼节，衣食足则知荣辱&rdquo;的著名论断。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（2）重视商业，力图用行政和法律的手段促进和控制经济的发展，他在农业方面有特色的思想，他主张&ldquo;均地分力&rdquo;、&ldquo;与民分货&rdquo;激发农民的生产积极性，他还提出&ldquo;相地面而衰征&rdquo;的租赋分货原则，即区别土地的好坏，按不同的等级定额征税。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">3、试述孔子法律思想的基本内容及其对后世的重大影响。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">答：（1）以&ldquo;仁&rdquo;为核心的法律观，&ldquo;仁&rdquo;是孔子政治法律思想的核心和出发点，最能反映&ldquo;仁&rdquo;的思想含义的是&ldquo;仁者，爱人&rdquo;。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（2）&ldquo;为国以礼&rdquo;的礼治论，孔子认为依据礼治，剥削阶级享有特权是&ldquo;天下之通义&rdquo;，强调各级贵族必须遵守&ldquo;君君，臣臣，父父，子子&rdquo;的等级名分，以维护社会的稳定，主张兴礼乐，社会秩序才不致紊乱，使用刑罚才能得当，强调&ldquo;礼之用和为贵&rdquo;要求用礼来节制恭，慎，勇直这些道德品行，使大家和谐相处。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（3）德治论与重义轻利的价值观。&ldquo;为政以德&rdquo;强调礼义道德的教化作用，但也不否定刑罚，其实质是宽猛相济，德主刑辅。重义轻利的价值观，孔子强调道德理想高于物质利益，反对追求个人私利要求&ldquo;见利思义&rdquo;但并不排斥利。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（4）宽刑慎杀，反对冤狱，孔子主张宽刑慎杀&ldquo;赦小过&rdquo;反对冤狱，并要求教民改恶从善，以达到&ldquo;无论&rdquo;的境地。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">（5）&ldquo;为政在人&rdquo;的人治论，孔子把政事的兴废寄托在统治者个人身上，&ldquo;其人存，则其政举，其人亡，则其政息&rdquo;，&ldquo;故为政在人&rdquo;。</span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">影响：在两千多年的漫长岁月里，包括法律思想在内的孔子的思想，给中华民族以深远的影响，在世界历史上占有重要的地位。孔子的思想及儒学闪烁着中华民族世代相传，不断丰富和发展的智慧与美德，它是中华民族优秀传统文化的重要内容。</span></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、丘濬的立法思想有哪些内容？</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：⑴随时制宜⑵&ldquo;天情立法&rdquo;，丘认为，立法应合乎天理，顺乎众人的好恶；⑶&ldquo;应经合义&rdquo;，丘认为应经合义是&ldquo;百世定律之至言要道&rdquo;，立法应&ldquo;本之经典&rdquo;，应经合义；⑷宽严适中；⑸简明划一；丘认为，右代法律简易，后世日渐繁多，甚至有不能了解它的含义，因此，法令条义应通俗明白，即使是粗通文义者也能&ldquo;开卷即了其义&rdquo;丘的这些立法思想，即是对我国右代立法思想的总结，又根据明代的社会实际作了新的闻发。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、王安石&ldquo;有司议罪，惟当守法&rdquo;的思想。</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：为维护司法统一，王安石法对司法官在审判中不循法律，任其私虑。他还建议加强司法监督，主张&ldquo;今内制一人总其权以敌三司&rdquo;，派得力官员&ldquo;躬亲点检细事，小既足以究察诸司奸弊，大又足以检制三司，如此处置，未为失也&rdquo;。在大理寺议定刑名不当或意见不能统一时，宰相，副宰相应当参与。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、试述张居正&ldquo;以法绳天下&rdquo;的主张。</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：张居正主张&ldquo;以法绳天下&rdquo;，它的主要内容是：一、严明赏罚；二、&ldquo;法在必行，奸无所赦&rdquo;，他的这种&ldquo;法在必行，奸无所赦&rdquo;的思想主张，在当时法制松弛的条件下，有其一定的积极作用；三、法可严而不可猛，他反对纵释有罪以博取宽厚仁政虚名，主张&ldquo;严刑相法&rdquo;以&ldquo;制欲禁邪&rdquo;，使人不至于为非作歹，其四，严惩&ldquo;贪墨&rdquo;。由于张居正&ldquo;平生以法绳天下&rdquo;，所以在他执政的十年中，封建法纪松弛状况有所改变。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、何谓&ldquo;有治法而后有治人&rdquo;？</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：黄宗羲认为，天下之乱生于非法之中，为了拨乱求治，贵在有治法</span><font face="Calibri"> </font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。他针对所谓治人之谬说提出了&ldquo;治法&rdquo;的主张，儒家的传统看法是&ldquo;有治人，无治法&rdquo;，认为&ldquo;天下之治乱不在于法人存在&rdquo;。黄宗羲却认为&ldquo;有法治而后有人治&rdquo;，就是说，必须先有正确的立法，然后人才能依照立法来行事，只要有了公平正直的法律为依据，人民根据法律规定来行事，受非法之法的干扰，其结果只能为错法服务，纳入错法的约束之下，所以说审有治人，没有治法是不行的，有了治法就没有治人，这是治理国家必须遵循的一条重要原则。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
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<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、简述道家法律思想的主要内容。</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）道法自然的自然说，道家认为&ldquo;道是万物之宗&rdquo;&ldquo;可以为天下母，它先天地生，未有天地之前，它自古以自存，神，鬼神帝，生天生地&rdquo;&ldquo;道&rdquo;是支配一切的主宰，衍生天下之物，但它不是物质实体，而是一种绝对精神。（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）&ldquo;无为而治&rdquo;论，道家认为&ldquo;道是自然无为的，统治者应该处无为之事&rdquo;，行不言之教，一切听任自然法制的支配，让天下自然生长，发展。（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）废弃仁义圣智说，在道家看来，仁义，圣智，孝慈，忠臣等都是不合乎人的本性的&ldquo;大道废，有仁义智慧出，有大伪，六亲不合，有孝慈，国家混乱，有忠臣&rdquo;。（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）否定人定法，道家认为&ldquo;天下多忌讳而民弥贪&rdquo;统治者认为的制定出法律法令是徒劳无功的，而且会贻害无穷，&ldquo;法令慈彰，盗贼多有&rdquo;。（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）&ldquo;君人南而之术&rdquo;，所谓&ldquo;南而之术&rdquo;就是最高统治者驾驭臣下，统治人民的一套方案和权术，从广义方面来说，上述&ldquo;无为而治&rdquo;废弃仁义礼法等都是&ldquo;君人南而之术&rdquo;。从狭义方面来说&ldquo;君人南而之术&rdquo;则包括以柔克刚，&ldquo;欲夺先与&rdquo;，愚民政策等，道家认为&ldquo;天下之至尊&rdquo;驰聘天下之至坚，天下最柔弱的东西能在最坚硬的东西中穿来穿去，而&ldquo;无为&rdquo;的好处就在于它体现了以柔克刚的道理，道家又主张&ldquo;将欲夺之，必固与之&rdquo;因此道家反对统治者横征暴敛，民之饥以其土食税之多，是以饥，民之轻死，以其上求生之厚，是以轻死，在道家看来，人民之所以难于治理，是因其智慧太多，人民智慧多了，就会来造反。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、简评慎到&ldquo;立公&rdquo;&ldquo;弃私&rdquo;的法律思想。</span></span></p>
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：为了实行&ldquo;法治&rdquo;保证法的贯彻实施，慎到主张&ldquo;立公&rdquo;&ldquo;弃私&rdquo;法制礼籍，所以立公义也，凡立公所以弃私也，对于人来说，有奉公和行私的方值，慎到认为，君主的权势应当通过推行&ldquo;法治&rdquo;来体现。而不能随自己的好恶来表现，人君的行为不应超出法所规定的范围，因为有法而&ldquo;行私&rdquo;就会失去法应有的权威，不能起到维护封建统治的作用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、简述《唐律疏议》&ldquo;德礼为政教之本，刑罚为政教之用&rdquo;的思想。</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）德礼是行政教化的根本，刑罚是行政教化的表现；</span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）德礼和刑罚对行政教化之不可缺少。</span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）礼的精神已经完全熔化在律文之中，体现了礼主刑辅，礼法相结合的思想。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">德礼为政教之本，刑罚为政教之用的思想，唐代统治者将礼义道德的作用和法律的作用，在儒家思想原则上完全统一起来，长孙无忌在《唐律疏议序》中将德刑关系概括无&ldquo;本&rdquo;与&ldquo;用&rdquo;的关系，即原则与手段的关系，将礼的精神完全融化于律中，礼之所许，律亦不禁，礼之所禁，律亦不许，它标志着中国古代礼治的法律化已接近完成。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
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<div><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp; </span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、简述梁启超的&ldquo;三权分立&rdquo;学说？</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：资产阶级国家政治制度的一项根本原则，即立法，行政和司法三种国家权力分别由三个不同机关掌握，各自独立行使，相互制约的制度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、简述康有为的&ldquo;变法维新&rdquo;思想及其历史意义</span><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：&ldquo;变法&rdquo;包括政治、经济、文化、法制等方面。在经济上，发展资本主义农工商业，特别是首要发展近代工业；在文化教育上，要废除封建科举入股考试制，按照资产阶级教育制度兴办各类学校，广译西书，派人出国留学；在政治上，要求变君主专制为君主立宪，作为三权鼎立之制；在法律上，要求改革封建的旧法制，采用西方资产阶级法律制度。总的看来，康有为的变法维新主张，在一定程度上放映了中国人民的要求和愿望。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、谈谈孙中山建设资产阶级法治国家的主张及其历史意义。</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：建立法制国家的主张的主要内容是：由国家制定法律，以保证民主制度；以法律形式规定和保障人民民主权利；司法独立；孙中山的法律思想是资产阶级民主主义思想，法律思想与近代中国实际相结合的产物，在当时历史条件下，具有重大进步意义，理论相对来说是成熟与完善的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="color: #0000ff"><font face="Calibri">&nbsp;</font></span></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="color: #0000ff">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size: medium"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、谈谈孙中山的五权宪法理论。</span></span></p>
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">答：&ldquo;五权宪法&rdquo;是孙中山独特的宪法思想，也是他民权主义的主要内容。他试图通过&ldquo;五权宪法&rdquo;来保证人民主权和直接主权。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">1</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）&ldquo;五权宪法&rdquo;的核心是把政权和治权分开，由人民掌握&ldquo;政权&rdquo;，政府实施&ldquo;治权&rdquo;。人民的&ldquo;政权&rdquo;包括选举权、罢免权、创制权、复决权等四权。政府实施&ldquo;治权&rdquo;，采用五权分立体制，即立法权、司法权、行政权、考试全、监察权相互独立，相互制约。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">2</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）与此同时，中央政府实行五院制；即立法院、司法院、行政院、考试院、监察院。各院各司其职，互不隶属，皆对国民大会负责。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">3</font></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">）国民大会直接代表民权，高于立法院（议会），行使中央统治权，享有对中央政府官员的选举权、罢免权和对中央法律的创制权、复决权。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri"> </font></span></span></span><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt"><font face="Calibri"><o:p></o:p></font></span></font></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">&nbsp;</span></span></p><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/72884/</link>
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<title>去年商品房销售额4.39万亿元 同比增长75.5%</title>
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<h1><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">去年商品房销售额4.39万亿元 </span></span></h1>
<h1><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">同比增长75.5%</span></span></h1>
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<div class="info"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2010年01月19日09:46</span></span><span class="infoCol"><span class="where"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">国家统计局网站</span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>一、房地产开发完成情况</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2009年，全国完成房地产开发投资36232亿元，比上年增长16.1%。其中，商品住宅完成投资25619亿元，增长14.2%，占房地产开发投资的比重为70.7%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2009年，全国房地产开发企业房屋施工面积31.96亿平方米，比上年增长12.8%；房屋新开工面积11.54亿平方米，增长12.5%；房屋竣工面积7.02亿平方米，增长5.5%。其中，住宅竣工面积5.77亿平方米，增长6.2%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2009年，全国房地产开发企业完成土地购置面积31906万平方米，比上年下降18.9%；完成土地开发面积23006万平方米，下降19.9%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>二、商品房销售情况</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2009年，全国商品房销售面积93713万平方米，比上年增长42.1%。其中，商品住宅销售面积增长43.9%；办公楼销售面积增长30.8%；商业营业用房销售面积增长24.2%。2009年，商品房销售额43995亿元，比上年增长75.5%。其中，商品住宅销售额增长80.0%，办公楼和商业营业用房销售额分别增长66.9%和45.5%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>三、房地产开发企业资金来源情况</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">2009年，房地产开发企业本年资金来源57128亿元，比上年增长44.2%。其中，国内贷款11293亿元，增长48.5%；利用外资470亿元，下降35.5%；企业自筹资金17906亿元，增长16.9%；其他资金27459亿元，增长71.9%。在其他资金中，定金及预收款15914亿元，增长63.1%；个人按揭贷款8403亿元，增长116.2%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>四、</strong><strong>70</strong><strong>个大中城市房屋销售价格指数</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">12月份，全国70个大中城市房屋销售价格同比上涨7.8%，涨幅比11月份扩大2.1个百分点；环比上涨1.5%，涨幅比11月份扩大0.3个百分点。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">新建住宅销售价格同比上涨9.1%，涨幅比11月份扩大2.9个百分点；环比上涨1.9%，涨幅比11月份扩大0.4个百分点。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">分类型看，与上年同月相比，经济适用房销售价格上涨0.8%；商品住宅销售价格上涨10.1%，其中普通商品住宅销售价格上涨11.0%，高档住宅销售价格上涨7.2%。与上月相比，经济适用房销售价格上涨0.1%；商品住宅销售价格上涨2.2%，其中普通商品住宅销售价格上涨2.4%，高档住宅销售价格上涨1.3%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">分套型看，90平方米及以下的新建住宅销售价格同比上涨11.6%，环比上涨2.0%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">分地区看，与上年同月相比，新建住宅销售价格上涨的城市有69个，其中涨幅最大的5个城市是：广州19.9%、金华14.9%、深圳14.3%、海口13.4%、北京13.2%；价格下降的城市有1个：唐山下降2.0%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">与上月相比，新建住宅销售价格上涨的城市有66个，其中涨幅最大的5个城市是：三亚5.1%、北京4.5%、温州4.1%、海口3.3%、蚌埠3.1%；价格下降的城市有1个：锦州微降0.1%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">二手住宅销售价格同比上涨6.8%，涨幅比11月份扩大1.3个百分点；环比上涨1.0%，涨幅比11月份扩大0.4个百分点。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">分地区看，与上年同月相比，二手住宅销售价格上涨的城市有69个，其中涨幅最大的5个城市是：深圳23.9%、温州19.2%、杭州13.9%、厦门13.2%、金华12.1%；价格下降的城市有1个：唐山下降1.8%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">与上月相比，二手住宅销售价格上涨的城市有60个，其中涨幅最大的5个城市是：三亚3.3%、惠州2.6%、吉林2.4%、海口2.3%、厦门2.0%；价格下降的城市有1个：昆明微降0.1%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">新建非住宅销售价格同比上涨4.3%，涨幅比11月份扩大0.3个百分点；环比上涨0.6%，涨幅比11月份缩小0.3个百分点。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">与上年同月相比，办公楼销售价格上涨6.4%，商业营业用房销售价格上涨2.7%，其他用房销售价格上涨4.1%。与上月相比，办公楼销售价格上涨0.6%，商业营业用房销售价格上涨0.6%，其他用房销售价格上涨0.3%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">四季度，全国70个大中城市房屋销售价格同比上涨5.8%，其中新建住宅销售价格上涨6.4%，二手住宅销售价格上涨5.6%；房屋租赁价格与上年同期价格持平；物业管理价格同比上涨0.4%；土地交易价格同比上涨13.8%，其中住宅用地交易价格同比上涨19.4%。</span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><strong>五、全国房地产开发景气指数</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">12月份，全国房地产开发景气指数（简称&ldquo;国房景气指数&rdquo;）为103.66，比11月份提高0.88点。</span></span></p>
<p align="center"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><img alt="09年全国商品房销售面积比08年增长42.1%" src="http://img1.gtimg.com/finance/pics/27489/27489148.jpg" /></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: 2em"><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium">从分类指数看：房地产开发投资分类指数为100.42，比11月份下降0.18点；本年资金来源分类指数为110.77，比11月份提高1.25点；土地开发面积分类指数为95.69，比11月份提高0.33点；商品房空置面积分类指数为96.87，比11月份提高3.03点；房屋施工面积分类指数为102.51，比11月份下降0.50点。</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff"><span style="font-size: medium"><a id="cmt_1" target="_blank" href="http://comment5.finance.qq.com/comment.htm?site=finance&amp;id=22413188">我要评论<span class="num">(46)</span></a> </span></span></p><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Wes, 20 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/72324/</link>
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<div align="center"><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 36pt">小议</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 36pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 36pt">敏感问题</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 36pt">&rdquo;</span></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">我们发表文章或帖子，往往有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">您的该篇文章内容涉及敏感问题或含有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感词</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，管理员将其屏蔽，如有问题请与管理员联系。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">也许让你感到很难堪或遗憾或失望。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一、什么</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">？</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">什么</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">？这本身就是一个</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的内涵是什么？外延又是什么？</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一）</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是因时而异的。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是发展变化的。敏感（</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">sensitive; susceptible</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">）就是感觉敏锐；对外界事物反应很快。敏感就是你能先感觉到别人感觉不到的，例子：皮肤上比较敏感的部分。敏感在性格上分析：在性格上可认为是过度的在意细节带来的感受和变动并善于将之放大，然后做出相应的反应。敏感的人往往容易为小事而苦恼，同样也会为一件小事而莫名的开心一阵子。说明白点就是敏感的人比较容易往心里去。敏感在自然界的定义：比如我们说某个动物对外界的一举一动都通过某种方式全部掌握，也可以说它是对外界的变化很敏感。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是由</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感部位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">发展变化的。女性的性敏感区要比男性多很多，除了外生殖器外，胸部、腹部、面部、颈部、臀部，腿部等都能接受性刺激。根据性专家的比较保守的估计，女性全身的性敏感区域不下</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">40</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">多处。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt"> &ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感部位</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一般是隐私问题，特别是女性的生理问题，隐私问题，特别是阴私问题，男女关系问题。原来</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是见不得人的问题、是出丑的问题、是害羞的问题。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">现在由于时代的开放和进步，这些问题反而不是敏感问题了，有一些明星或想出名的人把这些问题作为出名的资本，引起人们兴趣的作料，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">再不</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">了。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而一些政治话题、当代历史名人的评价、当代领导人的评价成了敏感问题了。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（二）</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是因人而异的。对于一个人是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，对于另一个人不是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，如当代历史名人的评价、当代领导人的评价、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">群体事件</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，而对于一般人的评价不是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">尊者讳</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，如古代的皇帝、当政的官员。封建时代为了维护等级制度的尊严，说话写文章时遇到君主或尊亲的名字都不直接说出或写出，因为那是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感词</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，叫做避讳。古代所谓为尊者名忌讳，皇帝的名字是不能和老百姓一样的，一般的，皇帝即了位，和他同名者都要改名，皇帝的名字里用的字，别人不能用，用了就是大不敬，如果自己的名字里有何皇帝一样的子，那就只好改了，就是避讳。避讳是中国封建社会特有的现象，大约起于周，成于秦，盛于唐宋，至清代更趋完密，民国成立后废除。《公羊传</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&middot;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">闵公元年》说：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">春秋为尊者讳，为亲者讳，为贤者讳。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这是古代避讳的一条总原则。那时，人们对皇帝或尊长是不能直呼或直书其名的，否则就有因犯讳而坐牢甚至丢脑袋的危险。避讳常见的方法是用意义相同或相近的别的字来代替要避讳的字。古时候不能和皇帝的名、字相同。说话、写字时也只能有别的字代替，否则即为叛臣</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一个新的皇帝登基，他的名字就是独一无二的！天下人中凡名字中有相同字者，必须另改一字以示避讳。否则被视为大不敬！要杀头的！汉光帝名叫刘秀，曾一度把秀才的名称改为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">茂才</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。汉明帝叫刘庄，当时竟把《庄子》一书改称为《严子》。王嫱字昭君，避晋文帝司马昭讳，改称</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">明君</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">或</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">明妃</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。宋高宗名构，为避</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">构</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">字而牵及</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">够</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">等字达五十多个</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">!</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">宋钦宗名赵桓，故齐桓公宋代成为齐威公。象宋太祖赵匡胤，其弟赵匡义（宋太宗）为避讳改</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">匡</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">光</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">就是赵光义。有个传说是观世音因为名字中的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">世</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">与唐太宗相同，为避讳而改名</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">观音</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，看来皇权无敌啊，连菩萨都不能幸免雍正帝名胤缜，他的兄弟为避讳都改</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">胤</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">允</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。皇亲尚且如此，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">民间就更要避讳了。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">五代十国时期，有个皇帝叫石敬瑭，朝内有个大臣姓敬，冲了皇帝的名讳，再加上这个敬姓大臣得罪了皇帝的近臣，遭到陷害，于是朝廷下令改</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敬</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">苟</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，否则，杀无赦。为免遭杀戮，保留</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敬</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">姓血脉，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敬</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">姓大臣含泪招集族人，忍痛减</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">文</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">留</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">苟</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，改姓为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">苟</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，并连夜驱散家人逃亡各地。这种为我独尊，为我独大的避讳是封建专制、封建独裁决定的。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（三）</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">是因国而异的。在中国是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">而在外国不是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">美国对言论自由、新闻自由的保护也是由宪法规定，他们真的去实行的。</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 42pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">美国对新闻自由的保护突出体现在对待&ldquo;扒粪者&rdquo;身上。&ldquo;扒粪者&rdquo;本是指那些有正义感的新闻记者，他们盯着种种不公与腐败现象，凭借高度的职业责任感将丑恶的事实真相拖到公众视野一一曝光，他们是社会正义的代言人，是新闻正义的践行者。此词语出自曾任美国总统的西奥多&middot;罗斯福之口，他把那些专门揭丑的记者称之为&ldquo;扒粪者&rdquo;。&ldquo;扒粪者&rdquo;，语出美国第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">26</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">任总统西奥多．罗斯福。英国作家班扬在《天路历程》中描写了一个怪人：此君手拿粪耙，目不斜视，一门心思收拾地上的秽物，连天国的王冠也不希罕。班扬的原意是讽刺那些只关注肉体而忽略精神的人。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1906</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">4</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月，罗斯福借用这个&ldquo;典故&rdquo;，把它&ldquo;赠予&rdquo;当时大力揭发政坛黑幕的新闻工作者。罗斯福一面承认：&ldquo;如今，我们不应逃避去面对那些卑劣的事情&hellip;&hellip;地上有秽物，就必须用粪耙扒走；在有些时候，有些地方这项公共事务是所有能被施行的事务中最必需的。&rdquo;一面又大谈不应只盯着阴暗，也要多赞美光明云云。尽管这番言论招致黑幕揭发报道先驱斯林肯．斯蒂芬斯的电话抗议，但&ldquo;扒粪者&rdquo;一词就此确立，而且很快变成褒义词，这恐怕是罗斯福始料未及的。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">声势不小的&ldquo;扒粪&rdquo;运动历时十余年之久，促使社会猛醒，人们开始与各种丑恶现象作斗争，通过各种立法，涉及到政治和社会生活的方方面面，有力遏制了腐败的滋生，迅速缓解了已成剑拔弩张之势的社会矛盾。&ldquo;扒粪&rdquo;运动揭出社会的种种黑暗的确令人触目惊心，但它的目的和后果却不是也没有从根本上动摇、推翻美国制度、美国社会，而是相反，促其自我调节、改革，使之躲过一&ldquo;劫&rdquo;，从而更加稳定。推而广之，任何制度、社会的稳定和健康发展，都不能没有大众传媒、所谓&ldquo;天下之公器&rdquo;强有力的监督。</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 28pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">美国对言论自由的保护体现在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1989</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">焚烧国旗案</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1984</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年，共和党在达拉斯举行全国大会。詹森等大约</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">100</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">名反对里根当局的示威者，在大街上游行并高呼政治口号。当示威者来到市政厅门前，詹森接过一面美国国旗，使之浸上煤油并开始焚烧。示威者一边焚烧，一边欢呼歌唱：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">美国</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">红、白、蓝，我们对你吐痰。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在示威者散去后，一位旁观者收集了国旗的残体，并把它埋葬在自家后院。几名目击者在审判中证实，他们受到严重冒犯，但没有人受到任何人身伤害或威胁。此后，詹森因焚烧国旗而违反了德克萨斯州的有关法律，并被州法院判服</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年监禁和</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">2000</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">美元罚款。德州的刑事上诉法院推翻了定罪，并认为惩罚损坏国旗的州法违反了第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">修正案。在布仁南法官（</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">j.brennan</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">）的以下意见中，联邦最高法院以</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">4</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">表决维持了这一判决。如果法院认为被告的行为构成</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">象征性言论</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，那么只要不属于淫秽或挑衅等</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">非保护</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">类型，它就受到第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">修正案的保护。</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>&nbsp;</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">二、对</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">的规定显示了什么？</span></b></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（一）对</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的规定显示言论自由的分寸</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感词</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">规定多了，言论自由、思想自由就少了。言论自由是按照自己的意愿自由地发表言论以及与听取他人陈述意见的权利。言论自由是指公众不仅仅能够在私人空间里窃窃私语，更可以在各种共公场合包括以新闻、出版、集会等形式自由地发表自己的看法。《中华人民共和国宪法》第二章</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">公民的基本权利和义务，第三十五条规定</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">近来，它通常被理解为包含了充分的表述的自由，包括了创作及发布电影、照片、歌曲、舞蹈及其它各种形式的富有表现力的资讯。所以，我们所说的言论自由本质上是指一种必要的政治权利。这种政治权利不是普通民众之间可以相互捍卫的，能够捍卫它的只有公权力。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一个十八世纪的启蒙思想家伏尔泰说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">我不同意你说的话，但我愿意誓死捍卫你说话的权利。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. (Voltaire )</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。这句话作为一个十八世纪的启蒙思想家的思考，伏尔泰的思想无疑是超越时代的，我承认它的价值观意义。他这句话为民主在理论上划定一个界限，启发人们更深入地思考民主的价值。它为我们描述了理想中的民主社会公民实现自己话语权的自然状态。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">言论自由通常被认为是现代民主中一个不可或缺的概念，在这概念下，它被认为不应受到政府的审查。然而国家可能仍然处罚</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">但非禁止</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">某些具有破坏性的表达的类型，如明显地煽惑叛乱、诽谤、发布与国家安全相关的秘密等等。不过，如法国政治学者托克维尔指出，人们对于自由地发表言论有所疑虑，可能不是因为害怕政府的惩罚，而是由于社会的压力。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">当一个人表达了一个不受欢迎的意见，他或她可能要面对其社群的蔑视，或甚至遭受猛烈的反应。尽管这种类型的言论自由的压制比政府的压制更难预防，关于这种类型的压制是否在言论自由的范围内还是存有疑问的，而言论自由被视为有代表性的公民自由权利或免受政府行为干涉的自由权利。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">《国语</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&middot;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">周语上》：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">防民之口，甚于防川，川壅而溃，伤人必多，民亦如之。是故为川者，决之使导；为民者，宣之使言。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">作为君王为政必须注意老百姓的利益，重视老百姓的意见，应听取社会各阶层民众的讽谏，然后斟酌取舍，付之实施，这样，国家的政事就能得以实行也不背理。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">中国历史上有很多统治者荒淫无道，但他们又怕人民议论，就采取了压制社会言论的措施，以为可以高枕无忧、平安无事。实际上这是最愚蠢的作法，它不仅使下情无法上达，错误的政策得不到纠正，加剧社会矛盾。更可怕的在于虽然民众口上不说，但心里却充满了仇恨，只要社会矛盾到达临界点，大规模的暴乱必然爆发，给社会生产力造成极大破坏。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">　</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">基于民主思想，避免政府基于家长主义来管制言论内容，进而由人民自行判断并形成社会观念，对于内容限制应进一步区分该言论为高价值言论或低价值言论，前者给予高度保障，后者则依类型的不同而进行类型化的利益衡量。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（二）对何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的规定显示民主的分量</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（三）对何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的规定显示政府的开明度和领导人的雅量</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">唐太宗能听从魏征的意见：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">兼听则明，偏信则暗</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，从谏如流，唐朝政治上清平稳定，经济上较快恢复发展，国防上日益强大，文化上初步昌盛。出现</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">贞观之治</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">，终成就其</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一代明君</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的美誉。</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（四）对何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的规定显示学术自由的纬度</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font color="#0000ff">&nbsp;</font></span></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（五）对何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的规定显示开放的程度</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;<b>&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">三、政府和官员如何正确对待</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt">？</span></b></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">一些本属正常的问题、平常的言论，正常的工作之所以</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">起来，重要原因在于没有正确的民主观念、价值观念、是否观念、荣辱观念，制度落实不力、私心杂念作怪、个别领导没有树立正确的政绩观。只有把所谓</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的处理置于阳光下，才能在公开中正风，在公平中顺气，在公正中齐心。不要存在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">过敏反应</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">过敏反应</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">本是指已免疫的机体在再次接受相同物质的刺激时所发生的反应</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">反应的特点是发作迅速、反应强烈、消退较快；一般不会破坏组织细胞，也不会引起组织损伤，有明显的遗传倾向和个体差异。</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（一）以</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以民为本</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">的态度对待何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">以对人民负责的态度对待何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 28.5pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">要坚持以民为本，以民心为己心，关心民众，维护民众的利益。古代百姓说</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">抚我（关心爱护我）则后（当君主）；虐我则仇</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 35pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">传说舜命鲧治水，鲧只懂得堙、填之法，失败后为舜所杀。鲧之子禹接受父亲治水失败的教训，改用疏导之法，终于成功。遵循学术自由、思想解放和谋求制度创新，为中国的现代化探索技术进步和制度昌明之捷径。</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 28.5pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-indent: 14pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">（二）以对历史负责的态度对待何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></font></div>
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<div style="text-indent: 21pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">（三）以对学术自由负责的态度对待何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 42pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt"><font color="#0000ff">学术自由指学术界自由地进行学术活动的自由。</font></span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eduzhai.net/lunwen/70/125/lunwen_96991.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none">学术自由是科学<span>生存和发展的基础</span></span></a></span><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">。要出产大师，就要有大师成长的土壤。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">学术自由的形成历经数百年，中世纪中后期学术逐步走出宗教的阴影，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1670</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年斯宾洛莎提出&ldquo;探讨的自由&rdquo;，认为人&ldquo;根据最高的自然法则为其思想的主人&rdquo;。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">在法律上，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1158</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年神圣罗马帝国皇帝腓特烈一世颁布一项法令，以保证学者不因学术活动而招致惩罚。学术自由首先由</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1919</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年德国魏玛宪法第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">142</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">条所明确肯定，</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1966</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年联合国的《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">15</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">条载明：本公约缔约各国承担尊重进行科学研究和创造性活动所不可缺少的自由，与之紧密相连的是《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">18</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">条关于思想自由，第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">19</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">条关于主张自由和发表自由的规定。</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 35pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">在中国，学术自由的朝代是战国、唐朝和宋朝，那时思想最活跃，文化也最为繁荣，最差的是明、清朝，大兴&ldquo;文字狱&rdquo;，国民党统治大陆时候也不自由，但是也产生鲁迅那样的思想家、文学家。</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 35pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">传播学术自由思想的主将当推蔡元培，他于</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">20</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">世纪</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">20</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">30</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年代在北京大学实行&ldquo;循思想自由原则，取兼容并包主义&rdquo;，后被概括成&ldquo;兼容并包，思想自由&rdquo;原则，至今还让人称道不已。中国宪法第</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">47</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">条规定公民有进行科学研究和文学艺术创作和其他文化活动的自由，构成学术自由在中国的宪法基础。</span></font></div>
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<div style="text-indent: 14pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">（四）以对以前的过错负责的态度对待何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">古人说，人非圣贤，孰能无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。用今天的话来说，就是谁能不犯错误呢？犯了错误而能改正，没有比这更好的事情了。周成王、秦穆公、汉武帝、唐德宗、宋徽宗、清世祖</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">都在阶级矛盾异常尖锐、国家处在危难之时曾经颁发过《罪己诏》，虽然消除民怨</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">笼络民心</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">也在一定程度上包含着帝王对自身过错和失败的反省忏悔。特别是汉武帝刘彻，其雄才大略，其勇于改革，其攘内抑外的文治武功，称帝</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">54</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">载，终于历经了艰难困苦的抉择，超越了千难万险的困境，平定了内乱，粉碎了匈奴，通达了西域，使汉朝扬威世界。他颁发了《罪己诏》：主动而深刻地反省了自己的过错，在承认自己为国家强盛、民族复兴奋斗了一辈子的同时，也做出了痛苦而坦诚的自责：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">要改过，要罪己，要给人民一个交待</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">。</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt">（五）以依法治国的态度对待何为</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">敏感问题</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span></font></div>
<div style="text-indent: 28.5pt"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">依法治国，就是广大人民群众在党的领导下，依照宪法和法律规定，通过各种途径和形式管理国家事务、管理经济文化事业、管理社会事务，保证国家各项工作都依法进行，逐步实现民主的制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法律不因领导人的改变而改变，也不因领导人看法和注意力的改变而改变。第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《宪法修正案》明文规定：</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">中华人民共和国实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">这一规定表明，依法治国是党领导人民群众治理国家、管理社会的基本方略。依法治国方略写入宪法，赋予依法治国方略以宪法地位，将加速推进法治，使依法治国方略的实施获得宪法性的根本保障。依法治国，是建设社会主义政治文明、发展社会主义民主政治的重要内容，其本质是保证人民当家作主。广大人民群众在党的领导下，依照宪法和法律规定，通过各种途径和形式管理国家事务，管理经济文化事业，管理社会事务，保证国家各项工作都依法进行，逐步实现社会主义民主的制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法律不因领导人的改变而改变，不因领导人看法和注意力的改变而改变。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt"> 1999</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">10</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日实施的《行政复议法》，是保障和监督行政机关依法行政，防止和纠正违法的或者不当的具体行政行为，保护公民、法人和其他组织合法权益的一部法律。将于</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">2007</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">8</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日实施的《行政复议法实施条例》，则将在建设法治政府和构建社会主义和谐社会中发挥更大的作用。</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; 2010</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日星期二。于上海闵行。</span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt"><img alt="" width="540" height="400" src="/upfiles/4516/0e0332800154a3d57d72f2fcec33ab99.jpg" /></span></span></font></div>
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<div><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14pt"> </span></font><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; 2010</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">月</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt">日星期二。于上海闵行。</span></font></div>
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<div>&nbsp;<img alt="" width="442" height="84" src="/upfiles/4516/1d02628q423e.gif" /></div><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：法治环境莫神星 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/4516/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>法治环境莫神星</author>
<pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/72287/</link>
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