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<title>干勾法意 -  雅典学园法律博客</title>
<description><![CDATA[于庆生，河南师范大学法学院讲师。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>立足于三尺讲台，以法治为依归；遨游于网络之间，用“干勾”做网名。&nbsp;]]></description>
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<title>干勾法意 -  雅典学园法律博客</title>
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<title>《法律的故事》序言翻译</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div style="line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">&nbsp;</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 20pt" align="center"><span style="font-size: 15pt">英文版序言</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 20pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">如果说&ldquo;酒香不怕巷子深&rdquo;，一部好的戏剧无需开场白&mdash;&mdash;这两种说法都有着莎士比亚的高度权威性&mdash;&mdash;，那么，一本好书也有其自身的理由。因此，在为《法律的故事》撰写序言时我一直难以下笔。本书根本不需要序言，如果一本书的开篇便能将富有思想的读者吸引住，那么任何再想激发读者兴趣的尝试便都有画蛇添足之嫌了。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">本书的主题非常令人感兴趣，但奇怪的是，迄今为止很少有人为了普通读者的利益来讲述法律的故事。本书恰逢其时，因为近年来令人欣喜的迹象之一便是文学领域从琐细暂时的主题向严肃永恒主题的转变。数年前，我们中的某些人似乎认为，科学扩展和视角拓宽的时代已经导致了常人想象力的空前缺乏和对琐细、微不足道的事物的过分偏爱&mdash;&mdash;这是个似是而非的结论。我曾在关于美国宪法的著作的最后四章中阐述过这样的观点，即我们这一代的罪过便是对人类生活价值的所有真实感受的丧失，直到最近几年我都很少有机会修改这种悲观的结论。几年前，类似韦尔斯（</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">Wells</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">）所著的《世界史纲》（</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">Outline of History</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">）、杜兰特（</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">Durant</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">）所著的《哲学的故事》（</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">Story of Philosophy</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">）等著作若能跻身于季度畅销书之列完全是不可想象的。相反，有把握地做出此种预言的著作将会成为最新的文学垃圾。&ldquo;电影&rdquo;时代并不能满足人们精神上的需求，它留在人们精神上的印象就像将图片投映在电影屏幕上一样。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">令人瞩目的变化终于出现了，那些畅销书籍不仅关注严肃深刻的主题，而且试图涵盖人类发展的整个领域。若非如此又如何解释杜兰特《哲学的故事》&mdash;&mdash;该书重新叙述的是所有时代伟大哲学家们神秘、有时甚至是令人费解的沉思&mdash;&mdash;一书所取得的巨大成功呢？</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">既然一本哲学著作都能成为畅销书，那关于法律历史的著作就更应受到读者的青睐了，因为法律是哲学的具体体现。它是各个时代关于人类行为规则的所有沉思的综合，它的施行，既保护作为有机体的社会，也保护个人免受罪恶的侵害。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">法律是人类历史的缩影。本书揭示了各个时代人类法律文明发展的漫长艰苦的跋涉历程，以及从孜孜以求的目标直到人类成就的最高巅峰的求索过程。法律与每一个人息息相关，它一直陪伴着我们，指引着我们从摇篮到坟墓的命运之路。即使我们去世以后，对我们的遗产的处置也要通过法律来进行。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">法律伴随着人类进步的历程，特别是社会政治进步的整个历史，在那些无比漫长的岁月里，人类用他们淌血的双脚在布满荆棘的苦路（</span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">via dolorosa</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt">）上前行，从奴役走向自由，继往开来，前仆后继。戏剧化的历史插曲一般都与法律密切相关，只要翻阅此书，每一位热爱其国家的公民都会发现那些最有吸引力的事件都被囊括在本书当中。美国为独立而斗争的史诗是为了维护一项关于征税权的不成文法；对美国人民而言，他们最感兴趣并且最引以为荣的一段历史插曲大概就是其前辈们能够在混乱无序的时刻照常集会，并在进行了四个多月关于人类社会根本要素的讨论之后，为政府起草了一份全面宪章这一轰动事件了。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">如果说本书在主题上恰逢其时，那么提及其作者，我便可以理所当然地沉醉于满足感当中了。出版商让我推荐一位美国律师来写作此书。我对美国律师界的杰出人物都比较熟悉，在美国副司法部长的四年任期中，我有幸见到了来自全国律师界的各个方面的杰出人物。但是要从他们当中推荐出一位来完成这项任务却并不容易。困难之处在于一个奇怪的事实，即律师中鲜有哲学家，而哲学家中又鲜有律师。原因显而易见，哲学是抽象的，而法律是具体的；虽然每位律师都应该理解法律的哲学基础，但是他们的时间和精力通常都消耗在确定法律是什么上，而没有时间用来思考其哲学理由。&ldquo;此为法律&rdquo;（</span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">Sic ita Lex</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt">）便是他从事其日常工作的信条，因为他没有时间或者根本无意探寻法律的优劣。认识到那是法院可能会强制执行的法律便足够了，他必须考虑的是现实而不是抽象。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">另一方面，生活在抽象思维的纯净氛围中的哲学家很少有机会研究人类法律在具体方面的实际应用问题。我认为其原因在于，法律领域最为博学的理论家和法学院教授往往缺乏法律施行方面的实际经验，而成功的执业律师又往往是法律历史和纯粹哲学论证方面的无知者，他们对法律仅仅怀有务实的态度。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">因此，我的任务是推荐一位集执业律师和真正哲学家于一身的人物，而此等人物在美国律师界可谓凤毛麟角。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">这部重要著作若想配得上其崇高的主题，还需要具备很多条件。它要求一名律师不仅要有流畅表达的天赋，而且要有使得深沉的思想者将其观念传达给不同程度的读者的杰出创造力。无疑，就此主题律师界有些哲学家将会写作出极为博学的作品，但他们的论述可能会让普通读者感到晦涩难懂，因为那只是干巴巴的历史流派。其他人也许能够做出清晰的表述，但他们缺乏丰富的想象力，而正是这种想象力成就了真正的导师，使其能够为读者指点迷津，并将这样一个看似枯燥乏味难以引起共鸣的主题阐述得扣人心弦。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">本人曾在某些法律刊物上阅读过一些法律论文，其作者出众的学识和清晰的思路给我留下了极为深刻的印象。他就是本书的作者，芝加哥律师界的一位杰出人物。除了他以外，我不知道还有谁能把上述的特质如此完美地结合在一起，相信在读完本书以后，读者们会同意我对这位杰出作者的评价，他的确具有完成如此艰巨任务所需要的超常能力。我将约翰&middot;麦克西&middot;赞恩推荐给了出版商，由他来向人们讲述法律的历史，让我由衷感到高兴的是，他同意撰写此书，我相信自己为这一代有思想的读者做了一件好事。有位伟大的法学家曾经说过，每位律师都有责任为自己所从事的职业写一本书，果真如此的话，那么现在赞恩先生已经偿还了他对其职业和广大读者所欠下的这笔文债。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt">作者的写作技巧令人赞叹，就我所知，还没有哪位美国律师能够比他做得更好。与读者的共鸣、丰富的想象力、渊博的学识、行云流水般的行文、深刻的哲学见解，都在本书中得到了充分的展示。本书对今天的图书资料是个真正的贡献，它将使其读者&mdash;&mdash;不论是法律界人士还是行外人&mdash;&mdash;成为更好的公民。</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 20pt">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="line-height: 20pt" align="right"><span style="font-size: 12pt">詹姆斯&middot;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">M</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&middot;贝克（</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">James M. Beck</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">）</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 18pt 0pt 0cm; line-height: 20pt" align="right"><span style="font-size: 12pt">1927</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">年</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 20pt">&nbsp;</div><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Sun, 28 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/73680/</link>
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<title>会饮辞——毕业十周年聚会纪念</title>
<description><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 18pt">会饮辞</span><br />
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<div style="text-indent: 21pt">2009年10月24日晚，与师长同窗欢聚西安唐粤轩。席中，侯老师命偶赋诗助兴。偶搜肠刮肚，难得佳句，有辱师命。今日晚间，开会归来，已十点多钟。忽有感而发，成长辞一首，命曰《会饮辞》。<br />
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<div style="text-indent: 357pt; margin-right: 21pt">庆生<br />
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<div style="text-indent: 21pt" align="right">10月29日深夜<br />
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<div style="text-indent: 28.7pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt">美酒来兮，千杯万盏饮莫停。十年相思称酒意，愿长醉而不醒。无世俗之礼节，解缧绁而轻松。挽师长而低语，攀同窗而忘形。琴铮铮以悦耳，歌悠悠而表情。梦吾等以前事，恨时光之匆匆。</span><br />
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<div style="text-indent: 28.7pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt">十年一梦，白驹过隙。古城母校，旧物依依。睹物思人，不胜唏嘘。觥筹之间，恍如昨日。入教室而占座，卧操场而篝火。啖烧烤之美味，饮劣酒而欢乐。常有意同远游，又无心而逃课。期期兮言离早，殷殷兮而送别。请干杯且复饮，即临席而狂歌。</span><br />
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<div style="text-indent: 28.7pt"><span style="font-size: 14pt">美酒饮兮，愿诸君之体安。持白玉之壶觞，颂太白之诗篇。闻鸟鸣而心动，见秋叶而黯然。对师友诉之胸怀，滔滔不绝，侃侃而谈。路遥遥而崎岖，山屹屹而岿然。怀良愿以前行，居斗室而易安。羡春鸟之得意，止吾心之波澜。</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 28.7pt"><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 请君满饮此杯兮，乐其中而忘忧。且把明朝作今日，明日相思又从头。待到五年后，莫问能来否？</span></div><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/69393/</link>
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<title>肯尼斯&#183;E&#183;希玛：法哲学（词条）</title>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">法哲学</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">［美］肯尼斯·<SPAN lang=EN-US>E. </SPAN>希玛</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">著<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN>于庆生</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn3" name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">译<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法哲学以法律与法律制度的一般性哲学分析为主要内容。从范围上看，法哲学的题域既包括法律与法律制度之性质的抽象概念性问题，也包括法律与道德之间的关系、不同法律制度之证成的规范性问题。与政治哲学和应用伦理学中的相关主题相比较，法哲学主题往往是更为抽象的。例如，关于如何正确解释美国宪法的问题，政治哲学认为其属于民主理论，而法哲学则关注于法律解释的分析。同样，关于死刑的问题，探讨死刑是否在道德上被允许的是应用伦理学，而探讨刑罚制度是否能够被证成的则是法哲学。法哲学中的论题大致可分为三种类型：分析法学（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">analytic jurisprudence</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、规范法学（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">normative jurisprudence</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和法律批判理论（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">critical theories of law</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">一、分析法学<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统上，分析法学的主要目标一直是为作为一种规范体系的法律，如何区别于其它规范——例如道德规范——体系，提供一种解释。正如约翰&#8226;奥斯丁（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">John Austin</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）所言，分析法学探究的是，“所有名副其实的法律之共同的本质或性质”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，分析法学关注的是，为与任何可能领域的非法律相区别的法律之存在提供必要的和充分的条件。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然这一任务通常被解释为分析法律和法律制度之概念的尝试，但是关于法哲学中概念分析的价值和特性，确实存在着某些混淆。正如布莱恩&#8226;莱特（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Brian Leiter</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）所指出的，法哲学是少数将概念分析作为其主要关注点的哲学学科之一；大多数其它的哲学领域已经转向了自然主义，并将科学的工具和方法包含在内。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为了澄清概念分析在法律中的作用，布莱恩&#8226;比克斯（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Brian Bix</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）对概念主张所能服务的一些不同目的进行了区分：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）追踪语言学的用法；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规定意义；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）关于一类客体，解释什么是重要的或本质的；以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）为概念词建立一项评价标准（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">an evaluative test</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。比克斯认为，法律中的概念分析主要关注（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无论如何富有争议，法律的概念分析在当代法律理论中都仍然是重要的。法律的概念理论可以被划分为两个主要的题项：那些坚称在法律和道德之间存在概念联系的，以及那些否认存在这种联系的。不过，罗纳德&#8226;德沃金（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Ronald Dworkin</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的观点往往被认为是第三种理论，这在一定程度上是因为，关于法律与道德之间是否存在概念联系的问题，他的立场是不太清楚的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（一）自然法理论</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所有的自然法理论形式都赞同叠合命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Overlap Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），该命题坚持，在法律与道德的概念之间存在着必然的联系。因此，根据这一观点，未能在一定程度上参考道德观念的话，法律的概念是无法充分阐明的。虽然看上去叠合命题似乎是清晰明确的，但是该命题却存在着多种不同的解释方式。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">叠合命题的最强形式是以阿奎那（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Aquinas</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和布莱克斯通（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Blackstone</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的古典自然主义为基础的。布莱克斯通如此描述该命题，“这种与人类同在并由上帝亲自规定的自然法，理所当然地高于其它一切义务。它对整个世界都具有约束力，无论在哪个国家，什么时代：人类的法律若是与之抵触则归于无效；人法之所以有效，其所有的力量，所有的权威</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不管是直接或者间接，都来自于这一源头”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn7" name=_ftnref7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在这段话里，布莱克斯通阐明了构成古典自然主义理论核心的两项主张：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）不存在与自然法相抵触的法律有效性标准；以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）所有有效的法律，其力量和权威都来自于自然法。关于这一观点，套用奥古斯丁（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Augustine</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的话说，不正义的法律根本不是法律。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与布莱克斯通的古典自然主义密切关联的，是约翰&#8226;菲尼斯（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">John Finnis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的新自然主义。菲尼斯认为，阿奎那和布莱克斯通的自然主义不应被理解为法律之存在条件的概念性阐述。按照菲尼斯的观点，古典自然主义者并不关注为法律有效性提供一种概念性阐述；毋宁说，他们关心的乃是解释法律的道德力量：“自然法原则解释了实在法的义务约束力（在‘义务”之最完全意义上），即使当那些法律难以从那些原则中推导出来时，亦是如此”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn8" name=_ftnref8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照菲尼斯的叠合命题观点，法律的主要功能便是为国家强制提供正当性。因此，一项不正义的法律可能在法律上是有效的，但不能为国家强制力的使用提供充足的正当性，因而不具有最完全意义上的义务性；因此，一项不正义的法律未能实现隐含在法律概念中的道德理想。按照这种观点，不正义的法律具有法律的约束力，但不是完全意义上的法律。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">朗&#8226;富勒（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Lon Fuller</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）否认了法律的内容上存在着必要的道德限制的观念。按照富勒的观点，法律必然以由八项原则构成的程序道德为条件：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则必须表现一般性条款；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则必须被公开颁布；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则在效力上必须可预期；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则必须可以理解；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则必须彼此相符；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则不应要求当事人做出不可能做到的行为；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则不应改变的如此频繁，以至于人们难以依赖；以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）规则必须以与其措辞相一致的方式来施行。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照富勒的观点，未能在最低限度上满足这些合法性原则的规则体系，难以完成法律通过指导行为的规则之运用，实现社会秩序的根本目标。例如，一项未能满足（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）或（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的规则体系，不能对行为进行指导，因为人们将无法确定规则要求的是什么。因此，富勒得出结论，鉴于它们能够构成法律的存在条件，这八项原则是“内在于”法律的：“这八个方向中任何一个的全面失败，都不仅仅会导致一种糟糕的法律制度；它所导致的是一种根本不能被恰当地称为法律制度的东西”（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1964</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">39</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页）。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn9" name=_ftnref9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（二）法律实证主义</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与所有自然主义形式相对的是法律实证主义，这大致是由三项理论命题构成的：社会事实命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Social Fact Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、惯习命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Conventionality Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和分离命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Separability Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。社会事实命题［也称为谱系命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Pedigree Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）］坚持，法律有效性归根结蒂是某些类型的社会事实的功能，这是必然的真理。惯习命题强调法律的惯习性质，认为引起了法律有效性的社会事实凭借某种类型的社会惯习而获得了权威性。在最为一般的层面上，分离命题只是否认自然主义的叠合命题；根据分离命题，在法律与道德的概念之间并不存在任何概念上的叠合。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．惯习命题。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据惯习命题，法律有效性最终可以通过一种借助于社会惯习的权威性标准来加以解释，这乃是概念上的真理。因此，例如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H.L.A. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哈特（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H.L.A. Hart</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）认为，法律有效性的标准包含在承认规则当中，承认规则为法律的创立、变更和审判提出了规则。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn10" name=_ftnref10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照哈特的观点，承认规则的权威性是凭借官员们将其标准作为其行为指导的惯习而获得的。虽然约瑟夫&#8226;拉兹（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Joseph Raz</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）似乎并不赞同哈特关于包含着有效性标准的承认规则，但他也认为，有效性标准的权威性只有凭借官员当中的惯习才能获得。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．社会事实命题。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">社会事实命题坚称，法律有效性是某些社会事实的功能。约翰&#8226;奥斯丁从杰里米&#8226;边沁（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jeremy Bentham</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）那里借用了大量观点，他认为，法律制度的主要特色在于一个主权者的存在，该主权者习惯上受到社会中大多数人的服从，却不习惯服从于任何更具优势者。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn11" name=_ftnref11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照奥斯丁的观点，一项规则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在社会</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中有效（即是法律），当且仅当</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">R</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中的主权者的命令，并以制裁的威胁为后盾。根据奥斯丁的观点，赋予有效性的相关社会事实，是由想要对不服从者施加制裁的主权者发布的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哈特采用了不同的社会事实命题观念。哈特认为，奥斯丁的理论最多适用于一种规则：要求或禁止某种行为的初始规则（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">primary rules</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。在哈特看来，奥斯丁忽视了赋予公民创建、修改和取消其他人的权利和义务之初始规则的存在。正如哈特所指出的，调整契约和遗嘱之订立的规则，并不能令人信服地描述为以制裁威胁为后盾的对自由的限制。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不过，最为重要的是，哈特认为奥斯丁忽视了二次元规则（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">secondary meta-rules</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的存在，这种规则将初始规则自身作为它们的对象，并对完全成熟的法律体系与原始的法律体系进行了区分：</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">［第二性规则］与初始规则完全处于不同的层面上，它们是这些初始规则的规则；在这个意义上，初始规则涉及个体必须做或不做某行为，而第二性规则却是与初始规则本身相联系的。它们限定了初始规则获得决定性的确定、引入、取消、改变的方式，它们终局地决定了规则是否被违反</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn12" name=_ftnref12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哈特区分了三种标志着从法律的原始形式向完全成熟的法律体系过渡的第二性规则的类型：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）承认规则，它“确定某个或某些特征，如果一个规则具有这些或这个特征，人们就会终局性地把这些特征当作正面指示，确认此规则是该群体的规则，由社会施加的压力加以支持”；</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn13" name=_ftnref13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）改变规则，它使得社会能够增加、移除和改变有效规则；以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）审判规则，它提供了一套判定有效的规则是否被违反的机制。因此，在哈特看来，每种有着完全成熟的法律体系的社会，都必然拥有一项承认规则，它阐明了包含着法律制定、修改和审判之规定的法律有效性的标准。用哈特的名言说，法律便是“初始规则和第二性规则之结合”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn14" name=_ftnref14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，按照哈特的社会事实命题观点，命题</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在社会</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中具有法律有效性，当且仅当它满足了包含在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内有约束力的承认规则中的有效性标准。正如我们已经看到的，惯习命题意味着，承认规则在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中有约束力，当且仅当在官员中存在着将其视为官员行为之限定标准的社会惯习。因此，在哈特看来，“确定法律效力标准的承认规则、改变规则和审判规则必须是为该社会的官员所有效接受的指导官员行为的共同的公共标准”（哈特，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">113</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页）。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn15" name=_ftnref15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．分离命题。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">构成法律实证主义之基础的最后一项命题是分离命题。按其最为一般的形式，分离命题坚持，法律与道德在概念上是有区别的。这一抽象的说法可以从许多角度进行解释。例如，克劳斯&#8226;福贝（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Klaus F</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ü</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ber</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）将其解释为一种元层面的主张，即法律的定义必须完全独立于道德观念。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn16" name=_ftnref16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这一解释意味着，在界定相关的法律、法律有效性和法律体系的概念时，对于道德考量的任何参考都是与分离命题不相符的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">更为常见的是，分离命题被解释为仅仅是关于法律有效性存在的一种对象层面的主张。正如哈特所言，分离命题不过是“尽管实际上法律常常复制或满足道德的特定要求，但这决不是一个必然的真理这样一个简单的论点”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn17" name=_ftnref17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就分离命题拒斥法律效力必然包含着道德约束这一对象层面解释来说，它意味法律效力不受道德约束的法律体系存在的可能性。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尽管所有的实证主义者都认同法律效力不受道德约束的法律体系存在的可能性，他们在受到道德约束的法律体系是否存在这个问题上却出现了分歧。按照包容性实证主义［（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">inclusive positivism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），也称作结合主义（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">incorporationism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）或柔性实证主义（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">soft positivism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）］的观点，一项社会承认规则包含对法律内容的道德限制是可能的。著名的包容性实证主义者包括朱尔斯&#8226;科尔曼（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jules Coleman</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和哈特，他们坚持，“承认规则可以将与道德原则或实在价值相符合的法律有效性标准纳入进来……例如美国宪法尊重宗教建立的第十六修正案，或限制投票权的第十九修正案”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn18" name=_ftnref18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与此相反，排他性实证主义［（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">exclusive positivism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），也称为硬性实证主义（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">hard positivism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）］否认法律体系能够纳入法律有效性的道德限制。类似拉兹（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1979</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）这样的排他性实证主义者赞同渊源命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Source Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），根据这种命题，法律的存在和内容总是通过诉诸于其渊源，而不是诉诸于道德论断来确定。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn19" name=_ftnref19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照这种观点，法律的渊源既包括其颁布的情势，也包括相关的解释性材料，例如可以建议利用的法院案例。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（三）罗纳德&#8226;德沃金的第三种理论</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">罗纳德&#8226;德沃金拒绝了实证主义的社会事实命题，其理由是，存在着某些不能根据社会事实来解释的法律标准的权威性。例如，在疑难案件中，法官往往援引道德原则，德沃金认为，这些道德原则的法律权威性并不能从包含在承认规则里的合法性社会标准中推导出来。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn20" name=_ftnref20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尽管如此，由于法官在相关之时必须考虑这些原则，所以它们必须被定性为法律。因此，德沃金得出结论，“如果我们把原则当作法律的话，我们必须拒绝实证主义者的第一个信条，即一个共同体的法律可以依靠某种根本尺度的测试而与其它社会标准相分离”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn21" name=_ftnref21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">德沃金认为，裁决是且应当是解释性的：“法官通过解释共同体的政治结构来对疑难案件做出判决时，应当依照下面这种或许不无特殊的方式进行：基于这一结构的整体性，从最深刻的宪法规则与私法——比如侵权法或合同法的的细则中，尝试着寻找政治道德的原则之间的最佳证立”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn22" name=_ftnref22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，存在着两项成功解释的要素。其一，只有当一个解释证立了该社会中的某种实践，这一解释才是成功的。这一解释必须在这种意义上符合这一社会的某种实践——它与现有的定义法律实践的材料相融贯。其二，由于某一解释为那些实践提供了一种道德上的证立，它必须尽可能满足最好的道德观点。因此，德沃金认为，法官应该努力大致以下列方式来解释案件：</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">有思想的法官可能会为他自己设定——例如——一种任何对材料的解释都需要达到的大致的“限度”，设定这样的限度可以令该当解释在符合社会实践这个层面上是“可接受”的。继而，假设对法律中某一部分内容的多个解释全部符合这个限度，那么在这多种假设之间进行的取舍，并非基于法官在这个层面上对这些解释进行更为深入地探究和更加精确地比较，而是选择一种在“实质上”更好的解释——也就是更好地促进法官所认为正确的政治理想</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn23" name=_ftnref23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，在德沃金看来，一项有约束力的原则的法律权威性源自于这样一种贡献，这种贡献为被看成是一个整体的法律实践提供了最佳的道德证立。因此，当且仅当满足以下两个条件时，特定法律原则就为这种道德证立作出了最大的贡献：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）这一原则与现存的法律材料相融贯；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）这一原则要在满足原则（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的条件下取得最大化道德上的吸引力。正确的法律原则就是那些可以实现最佳道德的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在后来的著作中，德沃金拓展了他的“建构主义”观点的范围，不仅仅探讨法律判决，而且囊括了法律理论的整个领域。德沃金将对话性解释（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">conversational interpretation</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）从艺术／创造性解释（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">artistic/creative interpretation</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）中区分开来，并认为，解释社会实践的任务是更类似于艺术性解释的：</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">我们对解释最熟悉得情况是对话。我们对另一个人的声音或符号进行解释，以便判断他说了些什么。但是艺术性解释则是另一码事：文艺批评家解释诗歌、戏剧与图画，为的是捍卫他们关于这些作品涵义、主题和观点的解读。而我们研究社会实践的解释活动也是以类似于艺术性解释的这种形式进行的：这两种解释的旨趣都在于解释人们创造的某些独立于他们自身的实体，而非解释他们在对话中表达了什么</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn24" name=_ftnref24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与司法解释相类似，艺术性解释也受制于解释的妥帖程度和论点证立的程度：“建构性解释是一项这样的活动，它把目的加之于一个对象或实践之上，为的是让这个对象和实践成为它将要归属的那个形式和类别中的可能的范例”（德沃金，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1986</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">52</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页）。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn25" name=_ftnref25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在德沃金看来，法的一般理论的目的就是解释一系列相当复杂的社会实践，这些社会实践是“人们创造的某些独立于他们自身的实体”；正是基于这个理由，德沃金坚信建立一种法的一般理论的课题，乃是内在地建构性的：</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">法的一般理论必定是抽象的，因为它的目标是解释法律实践的主要目的及结构，而不是法律实践的某个特定部分或部门。法的一般理论除了具有抽象性之外，还必须是一种建构性的解释：它们应当最佳地展示作为整体的法律实践，在实际的法律实践和最佳的证立之间寻求平衡。做到这些的话，法学与法庭判决和法律实践的其它方面就不存在清晰和生硬的界限了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn26" name=_ftnref26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">德沃金眼中的法学和判决之间的联系是如此紧密，以致于法学沦落为判决理论的主要部分；正是如此，德沃金才做出了以下概括：“任何法官的意见，就其本身来说即是法哲学的一部分”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn27" name=_ftnref27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由是，德沃金不但拒绝了实证主义者的事实论，也同时拒绝了实证主义者关于法律理论的基本假设。哈特区分了两种对待法律实践的观点，一种是法律实践的“内在”观点，持这种观点的人将法律实践作为为行动提供的正当指示加以接受；而另一种是“外在”观点，持这种观点的观察者试图理解法律实践，但是他不把法律实践作为权威的、正当的行为指示。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哈特认为他的法律理论是描述性的。同时，就其提供了所有法律体系的共同特征这一点上又是一般的，而这恰好就是一种对所有法律体系的外在观点。正是如此，哈特承认他的这个课题是“一种完全不同于德沃金的‘法律理论’（或是他常用的‘法学’概念）的事业，因为德沃金的法律理论在某些方面是评价性、正当化的，而且是作为‘献给特定的法文化’的——这是理论家自身所处的，对德沃金来说就是英美法系的——一种理论”（哈特，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">240</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页）。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn28" name=_ftnref28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这段评论表明，哈特坚信德沃金的理论对象同实证主义存在着根本的区别，作为分析法学的实证主义，它总是着力于概念分析。就这一点来说，德沃金也把他的工作看成是概念性的，只不过他与哈特对“概念性”的理解大相径庭：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">我们全部——至少是全部的法律家——共享着法律和法律权利的概念，同时，我们为了这个概念的不同观念相互辩难。实证主义者捍卫着一种观念，而我试图捍卫另一种观念。我们互不认可法律权利是什么，很大程度上，就如同我们这些哲学家，为了正义为何而争吵不休一样。我倾心于我所熟识的特定法律体系，并不是为了表明实证主义对这个法律体系的解释有多蹩脚，我只是想说明实证主义提供了很蹩脚的“法律权利”的观念</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn29" name=_ftnref29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哈特与德沃金之间的差别引起了很多法哲学家——最晚近的就是比克斯</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn30" name=_ftnref30><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——怀疑他们俩并非真的站在截然不同的立场上。这里还有一个问题存而未决，就是德沃金的著作可否被归入分析法学这个传统。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">二、规范法学<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（一）自由与正统法（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Legitimate Law</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的限制</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律通过限制自由来约束人们的自主权。例如，刑法通过监禁以及某些情况下的死刑，来将某些行为从一系列行为选择中排除出去。同样，民法要求人们采取某些措施，来防止对他人的妨害，并履行自己的合同。鉴于人们的自主权毋庸置疑地获得了道德的尊重，一个问题便产生了，即什么是国家的合法权威对于其公民之自由所施加的限制的限度呢？</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">约翰·斯图亚特·密尔（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">John Stuart Mill</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）以伤害原则（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the harm principle</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的形式提供了经典的自由主义回答：“人类之所以有理有权可以个别地或者集体地对其中任何成员的行为自由进行干涉，唯一的目的就是自我保护。权力能够违背文明共同体成员的意志而对他进行正当干预的唯一目的，在于防止他对他人的伤害。若说为了他自己的利益，不论是物质上的或者道德上的利益，都不能成为充分的理由。对他自己，对他自己的肉体和精神，他便是主权者”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn31" name=_ftnref31><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然密尔未能充分阐明伤害的概念所指，但他往往仅用来指称肉体的伤害，在更为极端的时候，才指精神上的伤害。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然密尔的观点——或者类似的观点——在大众中极为流行，但它在法律哲学家和政治哲学家中引起了相当多的争议。许多哲学家认为，密尔声称法律可以用来执行道德，用来保护个人免受自身伤害，在某些情况下保护个人免受攻击行为，但是他低估了合法的国家权威对于个人施加的限制。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．法律道德主义（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Legal Moralism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律道德主义的观点是，法律能够合法地用来禁止与社会的集体道德判断相冲突的行为，即使那些行为并没有对他人造成肉体的或精神的伤害。按照这种观点，只是因为它与社会的集体道德相冲突，一个人的自由便可以被合法地限制；因此，法律道德主义意味着，允许国家为了执行社会的集体道德而使用其强制力。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最为著名的法律道德主义者是帕特里克·德富林（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Patrick Devlin</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），他认为，共同道德（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a shared morality</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）对于社会之存在是不可或缺的：</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">如果男人和女人试图建立一个不存在关于善恶之基本共识的社会，他们将不会成功；如果已经以基本共识为基础建立了它，而该共识被搁置不用，社会也将会瓦解。因为社会并不是自然地结合；它是由共识的无形纽带加以维持的。如果纽带太过宽松，成员们便会渐行渐远。一项共同道德是束缚的组成部分。束缚则是社会成本的一部分；需要社会的人类必须付出此代价</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn32" name=_ftnref32><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照德富林的观点，因为人类不能成为外在于社会的有意义的存在，所以法律可以被用来维护作为维护社会本身之手段的共同道德。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哈特指出，德富林夸大了共同道德的维护对于社会之持续存在的不可或缺性。德富林试图从社会共同道德的必要性中得出结论，国家用立法规定性道德（特别是用立法禁止同性性关系）是可允许的；但是哈特认为，将“即使私人成人偏离公认的性道德的行为，都被视为类似叛国一样对社会之存在的威胁”，</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn33" name=_ftnref33><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这是令人难以置信的。虽然执行某种保护生命、安全和财产的社会规范可能对社会之存在是不可或缺的，但是，正如美国围绕堕胎和同性恋所进行的争论所证明的，只有存在多个领域道德关怀的行为之多样性，社会才能存续下去。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．法律家长主义（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Legal Paternalism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律家长主义的观点是，当为了防止个人对自身造成肉体或严重情感伤害而必需时，国家可以通过立法来禁止密尔所谓的自我关涉的行为（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">self-regarding actions</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。正如杰拉尔德·德沃金（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gerald Dworkin</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）所言，家长主义的干涉是“被专门归属于被强迫的人的福利、善、幸福、需要、利益或价值的理由所证明的，对于个人行为自由的干涉”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn34" name=_ftnref34><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，举例来说，一项要求骑摩托车时戴好头盔的法律，便是一种家长主义的干预，因为它是被对骑手之安全的关怀所证明了的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杰拉尔德·德沃金认为，密尔所谓一个人“不能因对他更好而理所当然受到强迫或禁止”的观点，将完全理性的个人将会赞同的家长主义立法排除在外了。按照杰拉尔德·德沃金的观点，存在着任何理性人想要为他自身的利益——无论该利益是否被设想——所追求的善，例如健康和教育。因此，杰拉尔德·德沃金得出结论，这些基本善的实现可以在某些情况下通过国家强制力的适用而合法地被促成。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为了证明其有限的法律家长主义，杰拉尔德·德沃金提出了一项假设的同意。他认为，存在着一些不同的情况，其中完全理性的成年人会同意对自由所施加的家长主义的限制。例如，他认为，一个完全理性的成年人会同意为了保护他以免做出“影响深远、具有潜在的和不可逆转的危险的”决定，而施加的家长主义限制。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn35" name=_ftnref35><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不过，他认为，对于合法的家长主义也存在着限制：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）国家必须表明，拟定的制约所调整的行为涉及到理性人想要避免的那种伤害；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）根据完全理性的人的计算，潜在的伤害要远远大于相关行为带来的利益；以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）拟定的制约对于防止伤害是最具有限制性的选择。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．冒犯原则（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Offense Principle</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乔尔·费因伯格（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Joel Feinberg</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）认为，伤害原则并不能对防范他人的不法行为提供充分的保护，因为它与我们理所当然认为合理的许多刑事禁令并不符合。如果国家强制力的唯一合法使用是保护人们免受他人所造成的伤害，那么禁止公共场所性行为（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">public sex</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的法规便是不可接受的，因为公共场所的性行为可能对他人造成了冒犯，但并没有对他人造成（密尔所谓的）伤害。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，费因伯格认为，伤害原则必须通过冒犯原则来扩充；他是这样界定冒犯原则的：“它始终是支持可能作为防止对他人而不是对行为人所造成的严重冒犯（与侵害或伤害相对）之有效方式，可能是达成该目的之必要手段的刑事禁令的很好的理由”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn36" name=_ftnref36><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">费因伯格的“冒犯”一词，既包含了主观的因素，也包含了客观的因素：主观因素在于不快心理状态（例如，羞耻、厌恶、焦虑、尴尬）的存在；客观因素则在于造成这种心理状态的不法行为的存在。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（二）守法义务</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实证主义的自然法批判者经常抱怨说，如果实证主义是正确的，那么，遵守作为法律的法律的义务便是不可能存在的。正如费因伯格所指出的：</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">法律实证主义对于法律有效性的阐述，是很难与如此有效的法律——无论其内容——值得我们尊重和一般忠诚的主张相调和的。即使有效的法律是恶法，我们也负有遵守的义务，这只是因为它是法律。但是，如果法律的有效性与其内容毫无关系，这又如何可能呢？</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn37" name=_ftnref37><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该观点是：如果法律之不可或缺的只是存在制定法律的特定方式，那么，就不可能存在遵守一项仅仅因为它是法律的规则的道德义务。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在大多数情况下，当代实证主义者接受了这一观点，即实证主义是与遵守作为法律的法律的义务不相符合的，但是他们认为，单单作为法律的规范的地位，并不能产生任何遵守该规范的道德义务。虽然因为其道德内容（例如，禁止杀人的法律），或者因为它解决了一个协调的难题（例如，要求人们靠右行驶的法律），可能存在着遵守特定法律的道德义务，但是，仅仅一项规则是法律的事实，并不能为做法律所要求的提供道德的理由。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实际上，对于即使是表面的守法义务（即一项不能被其它相竞争的义务超过的义务）之存在的论证，基本上也是不成功的。支持守法义务的论证大致可以分为四种类型：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）感恩论证（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">arguments from gratitude</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）公平竞争论证（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">arguments from fair play</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）默示同意论证（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">arguments from implied consent</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）一般功利论证（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">arguments from general utility</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感恩论证是以这一看法开始的，即所有人，即使是那些最坏的人，都从国家对于法律的执行中获得了利益。按照这种观点，一个接受了从他人处获得利益的人，因而承担了对施惠者感恩的义务。履行这一对政府之义务的唯一可行方式便是遵守其法律。不过，正如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">M.B.E. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">史密斯所指出的，“如果某人在未能考虑到我是否需要它们的情况下对我施惠，如果他这样做只是为了促成某个目的，而不是增进我的个别福利，那么，我便不负有对他感恩的义务”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn38" name=_ftnref38><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">鉴于国家对此项利益，并没有赋予公民选择的权利，所以仅仅享受它们并不能引起感恩的义务。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">约翰·罗尔斯（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">John Rawls</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1964</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）认为，在一个存在互惠和社会合作的社会中，有一项遵守作为法律的法律的义务。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn39" name=_ftnref39><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在这种社会中，导致遵守作为法律之法律的道德义务出现的是公平竞争的义务：公平要求想要接受社会中互惠合作所造成的利益的人遵守法律。在这里存在着两个问题。其一，罗尔斯的论证并未确立一项守法之独立于内容的义务（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a content-independent obligation</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的存在；义务只能出现在那些将公正的社会合作制度化的社会中。其二，即使在这样的社会中，公民也没有被赋予一项拒绝此利益的真正的选择权。例如，我不能避免接受保护空气质量的法律带来的利益。但是，接受不能避免的利益并不能产生公平竞争的义务。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同意论证将守法义务的基础奠定于某种模式的承诺之上。显而易见，我们可以自愿地承担同意它们或作出承诺的义务。当然，大多数公民并没有明确承诺或同意遵守法律；为此，这一论证的支持者试图从类似持续居住和从国家那里接受利益这些考量中推断出同意。不过，像公平竞争或感恩的义务一样，难以拒绝的利益之接受也并不意味着守法的同意。此外，移民之费用高昂的困难也阻碍了从持续居住中推断出同意。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最后，一般功利论证是以普遍反抗的后果作为守法义务之基础的。因为按照这一论证，一般违反的后果会是灾难性的，任何人不遵守法律都是错误的；因为如果所有人都不能违反法律，那便没有人可以违反法律。对此，史密斯指出，这一论证的策略导致了谬论的出现：“我们将不得不坚持，例如，存在不在五点吃晚饭的表面义务，因为如果每个人都这样做，某种基本的公共服务将无法维持”（史密斯，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1973</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">966</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页）。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn40" name=_ftnref40><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（三）惩罚的理由</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在对承受者造成不适的推定的合法行为中，惩罚是极为独特的；难以造成一个人最低限度的不适感的行为，不能被定性为惩罚。在大多数情况下，一项为造成不适之目的而进行的行为，在道德上是成问题的，因为它与酷刑极为相似。为此原因，制度性的惩罚需要足以将它与其它故意对他人造成不适的实践区分开来的道德理由。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">惩罚的理由通常有五种形式：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）报复；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）威慑；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）预防；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）复归；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）复原。按照报复证明（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the retributive justification</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），惩罚一个人的理由是，他犯下了应该予以惩罚的罪行。按照这种观点，一个做出了不法行为的人应该根据其罪行的严重性，受到成比例的惩罚，这在道德上是适当的。然而，问题是，某个人应受惩罚的纯粹事实并不意味着国家对他执行惩罚在道德上是可允许的；对我来说，它可能是错误的，例如，惩罚别人的孩子，即使该孩子的行为可能应受惩罚。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与报复主义者的理论——回溯一个人先前的不法行为，并将之作为惩罚的理由——相反，功利主义理论期待的是惩罚一个人所带来的有益结果。在功利主义推理中，存在着三个主要的进路。按照威慑证明（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the deterrence justification</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），对违法者的惩罚是通过它对其他人所造成的社会有益结果证明的。按照这种观点，威慑使得那些否则就会做出不法行为的人断了犯罪的念头。威慑理论的难题是，惩罚一个人对他人所造成的影响的力度。这种观点——故意对一个人造成不适，因为这样做可以对他人的行为产生有益的影响——似乎是与康德主义的原则（将一个人仅仅作为手段，这是错误的）不相符合的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">预防证明（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the preventive justification</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）认为，因不法行为而监禁一个人是合理的，因为它防止了该人在监禁期间做出对抗社会的不法行为。复归证明（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the rehabilitative justification</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）认为，惩罚是合理的，因为它对罪犯的道德品质产生了影响。这些证明的每一个都有同样的缺陷：无需构成惩罚的故意造成的不适，预防犯罪和罪犯复归的目的也可以实现。例如，预防犯罪可能需要拘留罪犯，但不需要将罪犯拘留在像监狱中常见的那种不舒适的环境中。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">复原证明（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the restitutionary justification</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）将重点放在罪犯不法行为对受害者的影响上。其它的惩罚理论将不法行为概念化为一种对社会的冒犯行为；复原理论则将不法行为视为对受害者的冒犯行为。因此，根据这种观点，惩罚的主要目的必然是使得受害者可以在完全意义上得到复原：“焦点并不在于罪犯应当受到惩罚，毋宁说，受害者应该得到补偿”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn41" name=_ftnref41><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，不法行为的刑事判决应该按照受害者的损失判定罪犯赔偿其受害者。复原理论的问题是，它未能在赔偿和惩罚之间作出区分。赔偿目的集中于受害者，而惩罚目的则着眼于罪犯。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">三、法律批判理论<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（一）法律现实主义</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律现实主义运动是由约翰·奇普曼·格雷（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">John Chipman Gray</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Oliver Wendall Holmes</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）开创的，并通过卡尔·卢埃林（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Karl Llewellyn</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、杰罗米·弗兰克（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jerome Frank</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和菲利克斯·科恩（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Felix Cohen</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的努力，在二十世纪二三十年代达到了顶峰。现实主义者回避了实证主义者和自然主义者的概念化进路，而代之以探求表明实践法官如何真正判决案件的经验性分析。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn42" name=_ftnref42><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现实主义者对司法立法难以存在这一优势观念深表怀疑。虽然没有完全拒绝法官可能受到规则限制的观念，但现实主义者坚持，法官通过立法裁量权的行使来制定法律，要比一般想象到的多得多。在他们看来，对比实证主义和自然主义所承认的理论，司法判决更为经常地受到关于案件事实的政治和道德直觉（而不是法律规则）的指引。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作为一个历史事件，法律现实主义是因回应法律形式主义而出现的，后者是将法律推理等同于三段论推理的特定法律推理模式。按照形式主义模式，法律后果（即结论）在逻辑上是从法律规则（大前提）和相关事实的说明（小前提）推导出来的。现实主义者认为，形式主义低估了司法立法的能力，因为它将法律后果视为完全是由适用规则和事实逻辑地引起的。如果法律后果在逻辑上为约束法官的命题所包含，那么法官便缺乏达致相冲突的结果的法律权威。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律现实主义的观点大致可以分为以下几种：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）在大多值得上诉审理的案件中，可获得的法律材料类型是不足以在逻辑上包含一项独特的法律结果的［局部不确定性命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Local Indeterminacy Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）］；（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）在这种案件中，法官通过立法裁量权的行使，在裁决法律纠纷中制订了新的法律［裁量权命题（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Discretion Thesis</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）］；以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）不确定案件中的司法判决受到法官的政治和道德信念，而不是法律考量的影响。虽然（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）在逻辑上独立于（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），但（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）似乎包含了（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：因为法官判决的是法律上不确定的案件，所以他们必须创制新的法律。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">值得一提的是法律现实主义、形式主义和实证主义之间的关系。虽然形式主义往往被认为是为实证主义所需要的，但是事实证明，法律现实主义不仅仅符合实证主义，而且以实证主义的三项核心命题为前提。事实上，现实主义者承认，法律实质上是官方活动的产物，但是他们认为，司法立法要比通常所认为的发生地更为频繁。但是，法律在实质上是官方活动之产物的观点，是以实证主义的惯习、社会事实和分离命题为前提的。虽然现实主义者所关注的是经验（即，试图找出影响司法决策的心理和社会因素），但是他们隐含的概念性信念，在趋向上无疑是实证主义的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（二）批判法律研究</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">批判法律研究（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CLS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）运动试图将法律现实主义的激进方面扩展为马克思主义对主流自由主义法学的批判。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CLS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">理论家认为，现实主义者低估了不确定性的程度；鉴于现实主义者认为不确定性是局部的，即它仅限于某一种案件类型，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CLS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">理论家主张，法律在根本上（或全部地）是不确定的，即可获得的法律材料几乎不能逻辑地、因果地包含一项特定的结果。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CLS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">理论家强调了在塑造法律内容过程中，意识形态的作用。按照这种观点，自由民主制度中的法律的内容，必然反映了“社会各派相互竞争的正义、善良的观念，以及受到损害、限缩、失效和校正的社会政治生活的意识形态斗争”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn43" name=_ftnref43><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照这种观点，该斗争的必然结果是渗透法律之最深层的显著的相互矛盾。正是这种普遍存在的相互矛盾，引起了法律中极端的不确定性。因为法律是相互矛盾的，所以法官能够证明任何一种相互冲突的结果。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">CLS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对自由主义法学批判的核心是，极端不确定性是与自由主义的合法性概念不相符合的。根据这种传统的自由主义概念，法官的职权范围是解释，而不是制定法律。按照这种观点，民主理想意味着，立法必须留给那些对选民负责的立法者，而不是被任命的法官。但是，如果法律是极端不确定的，那么法官几乎总是通过制定新法来判决案件，这是与自由主义立法权威的合法来源的概念不相符合的。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（三）法与经济学</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法与经济学运动主张，不论对于描述法院和立法者是如何行为而言，还是对于描述这些官员应当如何行为而言，法律中的经济学分析都是大有裨益的。在理查德·波斯纳（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Richard Posner</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的带领下，法律经济学家主张，许多普通法领域的内容都能够根据其最大化偏好（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">maximize preferences</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的趋向来解释：</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312">许多法律领域，特别是财产法、侵权法、刑法和合同法这些重要的普通法领域，都含有经济学推理的印记。只有少数司法意见明确提及了经济学概念，这并不是一项反驳。往往判决的真正基础是隐秘的，而不是通过司法意见的独特修辞来阐明的。事实上，法律教育主要是由学习透过修辞表面，发现那些基础所构成的，其中许多可能被证明含有经济学的特征</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftn44" name=_ftnref44><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">[</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比波斯纳的描述性主张更具有影响力的是他的规范性观点，即法律应该努力将财富最大化。按照波斯纳的观点，成文法和普通法的适当目标是，促进财富的最大化，它能够通过促进自由市场机制而最佳地被实现。波斯纳的规范性观点结合了带有康德自主权意味的功利主义分析。在功利主义方面，市场往往将财富最大化，并满足了偏好。在不受第三方影响的市场交易方面，财富获得了增值，因为所有各方都会通过交易而获得改善（否则将不会存在进行交易的动力），而不会有人变得更为窘迫。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在康德主义的方面，法律应当促进市场交易，因为市场交易最能反映个人关于偏好价值的自主判断。至少在观念上，个人通过相互协商一致的市场交易表达和实现了他们的偏好。因此，市场交易在观念上趋向于既是有效的（因为它们往往将财富最大化，而未对第三方造成坏的影响），又是公正的（因为所有各方都同意）。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（四）边缘法学（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Outsider Jurisprudence</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓边缘法学，是指提供了这样一种分析方法的法学，即法律被构造来促进白人男性的利益，并将女性和有色人种排除在外。例如，女性主义法学（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">feminist jurisprudence</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的主要目的之一是表明，家长制假设是如何在各种领域——财产法、合同法、刑法、宪法和公民权利法——中被塑造成法律的内容的。此外，女性主义学者挑战了传统的司法决策的理想——根据这种理想，法官是通过以公正的和客观的方式适用中立规则来裁判法律纠纷的。当然，女性主义曾经质疑，法官实现一种客观公正的观念是否可能，但是现在，质疑的则是传统的模式实际上是否可取。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">批判种族理论（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">critical race theory</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）也同样关注这一点，即白人至上性的假设已经以有色人种为代价塑造了法律的内容。此外，批判种族理论家表明，有色人种的经验、关怀、价值和观点是如何从执业律师、法官和立法者的主流话语中被体系性地排除出去的。最后，这种理论试图表明，关于种族的假设是如何被内置于最为自由主义的法律理论中的。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref1" name=_ftn1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>*</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本文系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Kenneth Einar Himma</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">撰写的词条，原题为“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Philosophy of Law</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”，原文参见</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/l/law-phil.htm"><FONT face="Times New Roman">http://www.iep.utm.edu/l/law-phil.htm</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref2" name=_ftn2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>*</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Kenneth Einar Himma</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，哲学博士（华盛顿大学），美国西雅图太平洋大学哲学副教授。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref3" name=_ftn3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>*</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">*</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">河南师范大学法学院讲师，法学硕士。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref4" name=_ftn4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> John Austin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Province of Jurisprudence Determined</I> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 11.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref5" name=_ftn5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Brian Leiter, “Naturalism and Naturalized Jurisprudence”, in Brian Bix (ed.), <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Analyzing Law: New Essays in Legal Theory</I> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref6" name=_ftn6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Brian Bix, “Conceptual Questions and Jurisprudence”, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Legal Theory</I>, vol. 1, no. 4 (December 1995), p. 465-479.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn7 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref7" name=_ftn7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> William Blackstone, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Commentaries on the Law of England</I> (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 4.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn8 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref8" name=_ftn8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> John Finnis, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Natural Law and Natural Rights</I> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p. 23-24.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn9 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref9" name=_ftn9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Lon L. Fuller, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Morality of Law</I> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964), p. 39.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn10 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref10" name=_ftn10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn11 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref11" name=_ftn11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> John Austin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Province of Jurisprudence Determined </I>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn12 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref12" name=_ftn12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 92.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn13 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref13" name=_ftn13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 92.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn14 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref14" name=_ftn14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 107.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn15 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref15" name=_ftn15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 113.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn16 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref16" name=_ftn16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Klaus F</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ü</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ber, “Farewell to ‘Legal Positivism’: The Separation Thesis Unravelling”, in Robert P. George, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism</I> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), p. 119-162.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn17 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref17" name=_ftn17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 181-182.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn18 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref18" name=_ftn18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 250.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn19 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref19" name=_ftn19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Joseph Raz, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality</I> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979).</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn20 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref20" name=_ftn20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Taking Rights Seriously</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 40.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn21 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref21" name=_ftn21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Taking Rights Seriously</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 44.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn22 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref22" name=_ftn22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, “’Natural’ Law Revisited”, 34 <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">University of Florida Law Review</I> 165 (1982), p. 165.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn23 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref23" name=_ftn23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, “’Natural’ Law Revisited”, 34 <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">University of Florida Law Review</I> 165 (1982), p. 171.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn24 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref24" name=_ftn24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Law's Empire</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 50.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn25 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref25" name=_ftn25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Law's Empire</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 52.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn26 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref26" name=_ftn26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Law's Empire</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 90.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn27 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref27" name=_ftn27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Law's Empire</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 90.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn28 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref28" name=_ftn28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Concept of Law</I>, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 240.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn29 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref29" name=_ftn29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Ronald Dworkin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Taking Rights Seriously</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 351</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">352.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn30 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref30" name=_ftn30><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Brian Bix, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jurisprudence: Theory and Context</I> (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn31 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref31" name=_ftn31><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> John Stuart Mill, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">On Liberty</I> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1906), p. 12-13.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn32 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref32" name=_ftn32><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Patrick Devlin, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Enforcement of Morals</I> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 10.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn33 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref33" name=_ftn33><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H.L.A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Law, Liberty and Morality</I> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 50.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn34 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref34" name=_ftn34><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Gerald Dworkin, “Paternalism”, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Monist</I>, vol. 56 (1972), p. 65.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn35 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref35" name=_ftn35><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">2</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Gerald Dworkin, “Paternalism”, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Monist</I>, vol. 56 (1972), p. 80.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn36 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref36" name=_ftn36><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3<SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Joel Feinberg, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Offense to Others</I> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn37 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref37" name=_ftn37><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Joel Feinberg, “Civil Disobedience in the Modern World”, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Humanities in Review</I>, vol. 2 (1979), 37-60.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn38 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref38" name=_ftn38><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">5</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> M.B.E. Smith, “Do We have a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law”, 82 <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Yale Law Journal</I> 950 (1973), p. 953.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn39 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref39" name=_ftn39><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">6</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> John Rawls, “Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play”, in Sidney Hook (ed.), <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Law and Philosophy</I> (New York: New York University Press, 1964), p. 3-18.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn40 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref40" name=_ftn40><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">7</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> M.B.E. Smith, “Do We have a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law”, 82 <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Yale Law Journal</I> 950 (1973), p. 966.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn41 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref41" name=_ftn41><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">8</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Randy E. Barnett, “Restitution: A New Paradigm of Criminal Justice”, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Ethics</I>, vol. 87, no. 4 (1977), p. 289.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn42 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref42" name=_ftn42><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">3</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">9</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Brian Leiter, “Naturalism and Naturalized Jurisprudence”, in Brian Bix (ed.), <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Analyzing Law: New Essays in Legal Theory</I> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn43 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref43" name=_ftn43><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Andrew Altman, “Legal Realism, Critical Legal Studies, and Dworkin”, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Philosophy and Public Affairs</I>, vol. 15, no. 2 (1986), p. 221.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn44 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" href="http://www.yadian.cc/blog_add.asp#_ftnref44" name=_ftn44><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT size=2>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">4</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">1</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol">]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Richard Posner, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Economic Analysis of Law</I>, 4th Edition (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1992), p. 23.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></DIV><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/62211/</link>
</item>
<item>
<title>美德法理学（维基百科）</title>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">美德法理学（维基百科）<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在法哲学中，美德法理学（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">virtue jurisprudence</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）指的是与美德伦理学（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">virtue ethics</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）有关的法律理论。通过将美德（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">aretaic</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）引入法律理论，美德法理学聚焦于品质和人类卓越之处或美德对法律的性质、法律的内容，以及司法的重要作用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、美德法理学所包含的主题</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美德法理学主要包括以下主题：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．美德伦理学对立法之适当目的的解读有重大意义。如果法律的目标是使公民富于德性（而不是效用最大化或一系列道德权利的实现），那么，对于法律的内容而言，其蕴涵是什么呢？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．美德伦理学对法律伦理学有重大意义。目前法律伦理学研究的重点在于义务论道德理论（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">deontological moral theory</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），即对当事人的义务和对当事人自治的尊重，这种义务论进路表现在对律师、法官和立法者的职业行为已经制定的各种法典当中。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．正义美德的阐释（特别是亚里士多德和阿奎那的自然正义理论）对自然法学家和法律实证主义者关于法律性质的争论有重大意义。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．以美德为中心的司法理论，它描述了为法官所需要的特有美德。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、司法美德理论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．司法美德。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美德法理学最为成熟的方面是其司法的独特理论。以美德为中心的司法理论提出了一种成为好法官必备的品质或美德的阐述。其中包括：（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）司法适度（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">judicial temperance</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）司法勇气（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">judicial courage</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）司法品性（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">judicial temperament</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）司法智能（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">judicial intelligence</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）司法智慧（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">judicial wisdom</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），以及（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）正义。虽然每一种司法理论都可能包含司法美德的某些描述，但是，以美德为中心的司法理论则提出了司法美德是中心的独特主张，即它们有着基本解释性和规范性的意义。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．对以美德为中心的司法理论的评论。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">许多对以美德为中心的司法理论的评论，是与那些在美德伦理学辩论语境中提出的评论相类似的。其中包括：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．指责美德法理学并没有对司法判决的做出提供充分的指引。“像有德性的法官那样去做！”这一公式对那些普通的法官并没有什么指示作用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．认为美德法理学需要对法官能力的过度信赖。在民主社会中，法律判决的正确与否应当按照对所有公民公开，并容易被其理解的标准来决定。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、作为法律之适当目的的美德</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亚里士多德认为，促进美德之教诲是法律的适当目的。阿奎那认为，真正的法律（它是理性的）能够通过被那些已经拥有足够的美德去把握法律目的的人内在化而教授美德。即使是那些尚未达到这一美德水平的人，也能够被强迫遵守法律，而这可以使得他们变得更有德性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这一观点的当代重申出现在罗伯特·乔治（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Robert George</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的著作中。在他的著作《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Making Men Moral</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">》中，乔治对法律之适当目的是促进美德，并反对法律的目的是保护权利的相反观念进行了论证。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、西方传统以外的法律和美德</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“美德法理学”一词通常被用于当代西方法律哲学思想的语境当中。然而，在其它知识传统中，关于法律和美德之间的关系，也存在着重要的思想。儒家关于美德的思想便是一个例证。在《论语》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Analects</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）中，孔子指出，在一个有德之民组成的社会里，法官、法律或法学是不需要的，因为人们能够自己解决社会纠纷。因此，可以说，美德观念是与法律观念相反对的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有人认为，即使有德之民也可能对法律适用产生分歧，特别是当他们自己的利益或价值定向（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ideological commitment</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）受到威胁的时候。然而，这种论证对于传统和现代中国的政治思想都是相当陌生的。中国的政治理论倾向于认为，真正的德性对于殉道是无私的，他们不会考虑到自己的个人利益，德性能够超越意识形态。同时，传统中国政治思想认为，那些有着绝对美德的人在历史上是极其罕见的，大多数人，包括皇帝及其臣僚，既易于出现腐败，又易于产生错误。因此，存在这样一种信念，即法律，更确切的说，政府，有着应付不完美的世界和不完美的民众的不幸的必要性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美德教诲是立法的适当目的这种观点，与传统中国关于该主题的思想——认为法律的存在是因为人民缺乏德性——显然是有着巨大差异的。儒家思想对法律或外在压力的促进人们道德的能力并没有什么信赖，毋宁说，它信赖的是，美德必须来自于反省和教化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参考文献</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">R.A. Duff, The Limits of Virtue Jurisprudence, Metaphilosophy, Volume 34 Issue 1-2 Page 214 - January 2003. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Robert P. George, Making Men Moral (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993) ISBN 0-19-825424-5. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Kyron Huigens, Nietzsche and Aretaic Legal Theory (2003) <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Suzanna Sherry, Judges of Character, 38 <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Wake</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Forest</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> L. Rev. 793 (2003). <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN">Lawrence</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"> Solum, Natural Justice, American Journal of Jurisprudence, Vol. 51, pp. 65–105 (2006). <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN">Lawrence</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"> B. Solum, Virtue Jurisprudence: A Virtue-Centered Theory of Judging, Metaphilosophy, Volume 34 Issue 1-2 Page 178 - January 2003.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">译自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#800080>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence</FONT></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P>&nbsp;</P><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Wes, 17 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/61674/</link>
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<title>耶林《法学的概念天国》中译者前言</title>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中译者前言</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一部分　耶林的生平、著作及影响</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、生平</SPAN></B><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[1]</FONT></SPAN></B></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B></SPAN></A><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">鲁道</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">夫<FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>冯<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">耶林于</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="8" Year="1818"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1818</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">生于德国北部奥利西（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Aurich</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">）的一个法律世家。遵循家庭传统，</SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1836</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年他进入海德堡大学学习法律，随后又先后在柏林、哥廷根、慕尼黑等大学学习（这种游学的方式在当时的德国比较流行）</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1840</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，师从萨维尼的学生霍迈尔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Homeyer)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">攻读博士学位，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">两年后获得了柏林大学的博士学位，博士论文的题目是《论遗产占有人》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">De Hereditate Possidente</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">）。</SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1843</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，在柏林大学通过论文审查获得教职，论文题目为</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《应交付某物之人应在多大程度上返还其从该物获得之收益</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Inwieweit muss der, welcher eine Sache zu leisten hat, den mit ihr gemachten Gewinn herausgeben?</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）<SPAN class=11pt><FONT size=3>，并于次年在该大学教授罗马法</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1845</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">他在巴塞尔（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Basel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">）成为法学教授。随后便不断变换工作地点，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1846</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年到了罗斯托克（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Rostock</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">），</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1849</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年到了基尔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Kiel)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1852</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年到了吉森（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Giessen</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">），</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1868</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年到了维也纳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1871</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年，他从奥地利被召回了新成立的位于斯特拉斯堡的德国大学。在那里停留了一年之后，他进入了哥廷根大学，在那里他从事教学工作，一直到</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="17" Month="9" Year="1892"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1892</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">去世。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">耶林在生前就获得了很多荣誉，他是阿姆斯特丹、罗马、维也纳和柏林科学院的通讯成员</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[2]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。在他停留在维也纳的期间，他获得了奥地利皇帝</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">弗朗</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">茨</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">约</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">瑟夫一世（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Franz Joseph I</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">授予的贵族称号以及莱波尔德骑士十字勋章。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、著作</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林是个非常勤奋的学者，其著作极其丰富，其中最著名的就是《为权利而斗争》，这也是耶林最早被翻译成中文的著作。此书系耶林根据其在离开维也纳之前在法律协会发表的告别演讲</SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为权利而斗争</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">扩充而成。这篇演讲获得了极大的成功，两年内即印到了十二版，此后又被译为二十多种文字。耶林非常具有演讲才能，他演讲时不喜欢打草稿，而是喜欢即兴发挥。另外两篇重要的演讲是《论法感的形成》和《法学是门科学吗？》。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林最伟大的著作要属《罗马法精神》。由于没有中文译本，中文读者往往只能在一些著作当中看到被引用的片段。这部巨著最终没有被完成，在写完第三卷第一分卷后，耶林开始写作《法律的目的》，之后再也没有继续完成《罗马法精神》，甚至《法律的目的》也没有最终完成。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=11pt><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林对占有这个主题是非常感兴趣的，他有两本关于占有的专著，以及一篇关于占有的论文。它们是</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《论占有保护之根据》、《占有意志——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">兼批判处于统治地位的法学方法</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">》及《占有》。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作为一名教师，耶林虽然没有像当时的其他人那样写作《潘德克顿法教科书》，但编有两本与教学有关的书籍，即</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《不附判决之民法案例》和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《日常生活中的法学》。耶林不喜欢地毯式地一点一点按照教材讲课，而是只讲重点。学生对他的授课方式褒贬不一，一些学生认为这样的授课方式不能让他们学到完整的知识；另一些学生则对他的授课方式给予了高度的评价。比如，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Merkel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">就说过，“我个人认为，耶林的授课远比</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Vangerow</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">的授课有意思”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn3" name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[3]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">除此之外，耶林还有大量的罗马法论文，主要收录于《罗马法论文集》</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《法律文集》</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以及《</SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">当代罗马私法及德国私法教义学年鉴》当中。其中包括《论缔约过失》、《罗马私法中的过错要素》、《买卖合同风险理论》以及《我们的任务》等等。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">1857</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">耶林与格伯尔</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gerber</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">一起创立了《</SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">当代罗马私法及德国私法教义学年鉴</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">》</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jahrbüchern für die Dogmatik des heutigen r&ouml;mischen und deutschen Privatrechts</FONT></SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（后改名为《耶林年鉴》）</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">它立刻成为最为重要的德国法律期刊之一</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">这一地位很大程度上归功于耶林对它的贡献。该年鉴创立后，耶林的论文主要发表于该年鉴。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">耶林的著作主要包括</SPAN></SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[4]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">：</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Abhandlungen aus dem r<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&ouml;</SPAN>mischen Rechts</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig 1844<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.9pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.42gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《罗马法论文集》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Zivilrechtsf<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&auml;</SPAN>lle ohne Entscheidung</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig 1847<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.9pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.42gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《不附判决之民法案例》</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分两部分</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一部分是耶林自己研究的案例</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二部分是普赫塔的三十六个案例</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1870</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第二版时删除了普赫塔的三十六个案例</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">把《日常生活中的法学》作为附录</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt -0.1pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Der Geist des r<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&ouml;</SPAN>mischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwickelung</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, <FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>Teil 1</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">－</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Leipzig 1852-1865<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.2pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《罗马法在其不同发展阶段之精神》（简称</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《罗马法精神》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，共三卷，其中第二卷分为两个分卷）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Das Schuldmoment im r&ouml;mischen Privatrecht&nbsp;</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Giessen 1867<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; tab-stops: 331.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《罗马私法中的过错要素》（后收录于</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1879</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年出版的《法律文集》）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">）</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Ist Die Jurisprudenz Eine Wissenschaft: Jherings Wiener Antrittsvorlesung Vom 16. Oktober 1868</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Wallstein 1998<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.9pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.42gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《法学是门科学吗？》（</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="16" Month="10" Year="1868"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1868</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">维也纳就职演说）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Uber den Grund des Besitzschutzes</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> , Jena 1869<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.9pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.42gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《论占有保护之根据》（原于</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1868</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年发表于<SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>《当代罗马私法及德国私法教义学年鉴》，题目为</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">“</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Beitr&auml;ge zur Lehre vom Besitz”</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Die Jurisprudenz des t<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&auml;</SPAN>glichen Lebens</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Jena 1870<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.9pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.42gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《日常生活中的法学》（本来作为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《不附判决之民法案例》之附录，后单独出版）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Der Kampf ums Recht</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Wien 1872<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《为权利而斗争》（维也纳告别演说）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Der Zweck im Recht</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Band 1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">－</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Leipzig 1877</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">－</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1883<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《法律中的目的》（共两卷）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Vermischten Schriften juristischen Inhalts</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig 1879<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《法律文集》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN class=srtitle1><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Gesammelte Aufs&auml;tze aus den Jahrbüchern für die Dogmatik des heutigen r&ouml;mischen und deutschen Privatrechts</SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Band 1</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">－</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jena 1881</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">－</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1886<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《当代罗马私法及德国私法教义学年鉴论文合集》（共三卷）</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Das Trinkgeld</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Braunschweig 1882<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《小费》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">：</SPAN></I><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Eine Weihnachtsgabe f<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ür</SPAN> das juristische Publikum</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig 1884<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《法学的戏谑与认真——献给法律读者的一份圣诞礼物》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT face="Times New Roman">14</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Uber die Entstehung des Rechtsgef</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">ü<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT size=3>hls</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">, Allgemeninen Juristen Zeitung 1884</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《论法感的形成》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Der Besitzwille</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">; <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Zugleich eine Kritik der herrschenden juristischen Methode</I>, Jena 1889<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.9pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.42gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《占有意志——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">兼批判处于统治地位之法学方法</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Besitz</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Handw&ouml;rterbuch der Staatswissenschaften</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> 1891</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《占有》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1893</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年收于<SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>《当代罗马私法及德国私法教义学年鉴》）</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Die Vorgeschicht der Indo-Europaeer</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">, Band 1</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">－</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Leipzig 1894<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《印欧人史前史》（共两卷）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Die Entwickelungs geschichte des romischen Recht</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">s, Leipzig 1894<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《罗马法发展史》（只写了一个开头，共一百多页）</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">在耶林逝世之后，他的一些信件被整理出版，主要包括：</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jherings Briefe an Windscheid</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">（</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1870-1891</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN></I><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3> <SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">G&ouml;ttingen</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=3> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">1997<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《耶林致温德赛特信<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">（</I></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1870-1891</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">）</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Der Briefwechsel Jherings Mit Unger Und Glaser</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">，</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Ebelsbach 1996</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《耶林与恩格尔和格拉泽尔的通信》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolph von Jhering in Briefen an seine Freunde</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">, </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">Leipzig <FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">1913</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《耶林致友人信》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">）</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolph von Jhering (1852-1868), Briefe und Erinnerungen</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">, Berlin 1907</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《耶林：信件与回忆》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">）</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Der Briefwechsel Zwischen Jhering Und Gerber</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">，</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Ebelsbach 1984</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《耶林和格伯尔的通信》</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">另外，值得注意的两本书是，为纪念耶林逝世</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">周年而出版的《耶林：贡献与见证》（</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=srtitle1><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Rudolf von Jhering: Beitr&auml;ge und Zeugnisse: Aus Anlass der 100. Wiederkehr seines Todestages am 17.9.1992</FONT></SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Wallstein<SPAN class=bindingblock1><FONT size=3> 1993</FONT></SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN class=bindingblock1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）以及</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">根据耶林的授课笔记整理而成的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《根据普赫塔的潘德克顿教科书所作之授课》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Pandektenvorlesung nach Puchta</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Wallstein 2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">三、影响</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">耶林涉猎的领域非常广泛</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">就像他的一个学生所描述的那样</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">从法律史到法哲学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">然后从法哲学到法社会学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">在晚年又返回法律史</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">然后又放弃了法律史而把最后的精力投入到文明史中去</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[5]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。因此，想用一两句话概括耶林的思想是不可能的。至于耶林对后世的影响，更不可能在一篇前言中进行详细描述。因此，在这里只能进行简单的提示。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">有人把耶林称为现代法律现实主义的创始人<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[6]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>；有人说耶林是社会法学派的创始人；有人把耶林称为德国的边沁，功利主义法学派的创始人；有人认为耶林是继萨维尼之后最伟大的德国法学家。很多人把耶林和霍姆斯相比，说霍姆斯“是普通法中在地位、影响力和重要性方面最能与耶林相比较的法学家”<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn7" name=_ftnref7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[7]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">除了这些头衔和比较之外，我们还可以看到耶林对《德国民法典》的影响。比如，缔约过失责任、第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">931</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的指示交付、第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">823</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条侵权行为一般条款中的过错和违法性的区分、第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">993</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的善意占人不对已灭失的标的物负有返还义务以及所有权的社会义务</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn8" name=_ftnref8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[8]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而，耶林的影响不仅限于德国，也不仅限于私法。马丁内克（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Michael Martinek</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）认为，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林的思想魅力和观念创新力使其获得了国际上的明确承认，这一点是其他德国法学家达不到的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn9" name=_ftnref9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[9]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1968</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1992</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，在哥廷根分别举办了耶林诞辰</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">150</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">周年研讨会和耶林逝世</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">周年研讨会，分别形成了《耶林的遗产》</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn10" name=_ftnref10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[10]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和《耶林的法律思想》</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn11" name=_ftnref11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[11]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两本会议文集。这两本会议文集收录了多国作者提交的论文。《耶林的遗产》收录了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gibert</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《耶林在西班牙》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jhering en Espana</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；哈特的《耶林的概念天国和现代分析法学》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jhering’s Heaven of Concepts and Modern Analytical Jurisprudence</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jorgensen</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《耶林对新斯堪得纳维亚法学理论的意义》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die Bedeutung Jherings <SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>für die neuere skandinavische Rechtslehre</FONT></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">F.Schmidt</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《瑞典物权法中的耶林传统》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jherings Tradition im schwedischen Sachenrecht</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Pasini</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《耶林的内部社会学》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">La sociologia interna die Jhering</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Villey</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《耶林的主观权利》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Le droit subjectif chez Jhering</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）等。《耶林的法律思想》收录了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Byoung Jo Choe</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《传统朝鲜的为权利而斗争</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">儒家理想和现实》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Der Kampf ums Recht im traditionellen Korea—Die konfuzianische Ideologie und die Wirklichkeit</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Summers</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《耶林对美国法学理论的影响：一个选择性描述》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Rudolf von Jhering’s Influence on American Legal Theory—A Selective Account</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Losano</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tobias Barreto</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和巴西对耶林的继受》<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">（</I></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tobias Barreto und die Rezeption Jhering in Brasilien</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Shigeo Nishimura</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的《耶林对日本政府的宪法政治建议和勋章的授予》<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">（</I></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jherings verfassungspolitische Ratschl<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&auml;</SPAN>ge an die japanische Regierung und die Verleihung des Ordens</FONT></FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二部分　《法学的概念天国》导读</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、两个耶林</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">写作背景</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林的思想一般被分为两个阶段，第一个阶段大概是从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1842</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1858</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn12" name=_ftnref12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[12]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，之后便进入第二阶段。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Fikentscher</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">把第一个阶段称为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建构方法时期</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die Konstruktionsmethodische Phase</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），把第二个阶段称为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目的方法时期</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die zweckmethodische Phase</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。从第一阶段到第二阶段的转变通常被称为是从概念法学到利益法学的转变。按照学者们的研究以及耶林自己在其信件中的叙述，耶林这种思想转变是由一个实际案件引起的</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn13" name=_ftnref13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[13]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 0.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .01gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在吉森大学法学院任教期间，耶林不仅认真教学和写作，还积极参与判决委员会会议（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Sitzungen des Spruchkollegiums</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），也就是法科大学判决团（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Spruchfakult<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&auml;</SPAN>t</FONT></FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。按照当时的习惯，重大疑难案件要送到大学的法学院，让判决团的成员撰写鉴定意见书。耶林在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1844</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年出版的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《罗马法论文集》当中讨论过关于一物二卖的问题，即出卖人在标的物因意外事件灭失时，能否同时向两个买受人请求支付价金？在</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">D.<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899">18.4.21</st1:chsdate></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">中，保罗（</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Paulus</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）说，有人将一个奴隶同时出卖两次，然后该奴隶在交付前死亡，此风险应由买受人承担，因此出卖人有权同时向两个买受人请求支付价金。耶林在该论文集中依从了保罗的意见。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 0.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .01gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">事隔十五年之后，也就是</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1858</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年的冬天，一个真实的一物二卖案件出现在耶林面前。这个案件的标的物是一艘价值昂贵的船。一审法院引用了耶林在《罗马法论文集》当中的意见判决出卖人胜诉，而二审法院则持相反意见。由于这个案件和耶林有关，就被送到吉森大学法学院要求出具鉴定意见，耶林当然责无旁贷。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 0.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .01gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">在重新思考这个案件时，耶林受到了很大的打击。在此之前，他一直认为根据从罗马法得出的法律原则可以获得正确的判决。然而，此时根据此种方法得出的判决却严重违背了他的自然法感。当时，他内心产生了极大的危机感。他自己在</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1859</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年的《买卖合同风险理论》中说，“在我的生命中，没有哪个案件像这个案件那样，让我陷入如此的恐慌，说陷入困窘还不足以形容我的心情。如果理论的迷途通常会招致惩罚的话，那么当时这种惩罚以极大的程度施加到了我身上。当我要适用涉及利害当事人的观点时，我内心的全部法感以及我身上的全部法律脉搏都起来反对我。而另一方面，我好几个星期都找不到能让我的法律良知平静下来的办法”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn14" name=_ftnref14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[14]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1858</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">日，他给格伯尔写了一封信说，“有一些时候，我真希望所有法律的东西——至少我们以前那些旧的理论——都滚得远远的（</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">zum Teufel W</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ünschen</SPAN></I></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。这里面根本就有太多不健康的东西。如果我可以再一次重新选择我的职业，我一定不会当法律人，至少不会当一个罗马法学者（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Romanist</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），或者说根本不会去当一个理论家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn15" name=_ftnref15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[15]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 0.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .01gd"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最后，他在目的中找到了解决方法。通对目的的探寻，他发现，前述由保罗所确立的规则之目的，在于补偿出卖人的损失。因此，他认为，应当排除出卖人同时向两个买受人请求支付价金的权利。这个运用新的方法获得的观点，得到了广泛的支持。耶林自己说，“这是在新的道路上迈出的第一步”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn16" name=_ftnref16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《买卖合同风险理论》，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这篇标志性的论文因而也被称为耶林的“思想转向论文”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、《法律的戏谑与认真》</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《法律的戏谑与认真》一书是由四个部分组成的。现分别作一简单介绍，第三部分《法学的概念天国》将在后面单独介绍。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（一）第一部分——</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《致当代法学的秘信》</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在经历了思想转变的煎熬之后，耶林开始批判他之前所运用的法学方法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1861</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1866</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年间，他匿名在《普鲁士法院报》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Preu&szlig;ische Gerichtszeitung</FONT></SPAN></I><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn17" name=_ftnref17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）上发表了六封信，题目为《致当代法学的秘信》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Vertrauliche Briefe über die heutige Jurisprudenz</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">署名</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一位不知名人士</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ein Unbekannte</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。第一封信包含一个导论和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">民法建构</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”（</SPAN><FONT size=3><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die civilistische Konstruktion</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。在导论中就已经表现出戏谑的成分</SPAN></FONT><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn18" name=_ftnref18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">几乎所有的科学、艺术、手艺都已经在信中被讨论过，我们有化学的、植物学的、动物学的、音乐的，等等的书信。只有我们贫瘠的法学——科学中的灰姑娘，照样一无所获，并且在至少二三十年内止步不前，其间我看不到有任何以她为主题的书信。人们似乎要期待她以另一种现代形式获得更大的成功，即“精神”的形式。自从孟德斯鸠通过他的《论法的精神》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">L’esprit des lois</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">）开辟了这条道路之后，就有人提炼出罗马法精神、普鲁士法精神等等，而且为了挣点钱将其售卖给爱好者。……就我而言，我坚持采用书信的简朴形式，而且，我也不追求任何利益，这样至少首先可以把书信的形式引入法学……<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">在“民法建构”中，他开始批判他之前一直热衷的民法建构方法，同样充满了戏谑的成分<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn19" name=_ftnref19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>：<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">您肯定知道那个掀开屋顶让其党羽偷看房间里面的秘密的跛脚恶魔。现在，让我客串一下他的角色，好让您看看我们的法学理论家的工作室。夜间，灯火明亮，在《民法大全》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">corpus juris</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">）旁边，您可以看到普通法学的栋梁们正在孜孜不倦地工作。他们在忙什么？我敢打赌，他们当中的一半，还有少数年轻人（他们是德国的希望），正在建构（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">konstruiren</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">）。建构是什么呢？大约<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US>50</SPAN>年前，人们还不知道它是什么，人们“善意友好地生活，炮弹只打向《潘德克顿》文本”。但是现在不一样了！现在，不懂“民法建构”（</FONT></FONT></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">civilistische Konstruktion</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">）的人可能就要留神自己如何能在世界上生存了。很少有妇女在不穿撑裙的情况下露面，同样也很少有民法学家在不懂建构的情况下露面。这种风气事到底是谁引起的呢？我不知道。我只是非常清楚地知道，有一个人甚至再次建构了建构本身并且对此给出了自己的指示：一旦完成这个工作，法学就会上升到更高的楼层，这样法学就获得了“更高级的法学”（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">h&ouml;her Jurisprudenz</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">的称号。这个粗笨的工作在下面的一个</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">楼层被完成，在那里，原材料被碾压、被鞣、被<SPAN class=exp><FONT face=仿宋_GB2312 size=3>浸渍，简单讲，——被解释（</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">interpretirt</FONT></SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">），然后就形成了上面的楼层。在塑造它们的民法艺术家手里，它们被赋予了艺术民法（</SPAN></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">künstlerisch-civilistische</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">）</SPAN><SPAN class=exp><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">的形式。一旦他们找到了这种形式，没有生命的东西就变成了有生命的东西；某种神秘的过程使它们（就像是普罗米修斯的雕像<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=仿宋_GB2312 size=3>[</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Thongebilde</FONT></SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">]</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">）获得了生命和呼吸，而民法的小矮人（</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Homunculus</FONT></SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">），也就是说概念，将会具有生育能力，并且跟他的其它同类交配，生儿育女。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=exp><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">您知道，一切都要靠那个民法塑造方式——建构；如果在他身上发生某个错误，比如把腿安在头上，把鼻子安在背后，把背后的东西按在脸上，整个人就面目全非了，——成了一个怪胎（</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Wechselbalg</FONT></SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN class=exp><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">）。这个值得贵族们为之付出辛勤汗水的工作需要所有的人力物力来完成，要不断地努力运用发现能力和推理能力，把这样那样的不同组件组合在一起，这一点也不奇怪。我现在通过几个切实的例子向您说明这个工作的艰辛。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">……<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其余五封信的题目分别是：</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法学中的纯理论方法</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die spekulative Methode in der Jurisprudenz - Huschke, Lassalle</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进入实践－考试－根据教科书进行的判决</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Der Eintritt in die Praxis. - Das Examen. - Entscheidungen nach Lehrbüchern</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种判决的延续”（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Fortsetzung dieser Entscheidungen</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Volkmar</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关于法律课程和考试的建议</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die Volkmar'schen Antr&auml;ge über die Reform des juristischen Studiums und Examens</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">文献</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">写作的外部压力</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die Literatur. - Die &auml;u&szlig;ere N&ouml;thigung zum Schreiben</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（二）第二部分——《一个罗马法学者的闲谈》<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在维也纳任教期间，耶林在一次法律聚会上向奥地利《法律报》（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Juristischen Bl<FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&auml;</SPAN>tter</FONT></FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的一个编辑承诺要向该杂志投稿。过了差不多八年后，那个编辑提醒耶林履行承诺，于是耶林写下<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>《一个罗马法学者的闲谈》交稿，后发表在《法律报》</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1880</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第九期上。耶林以写给编辑的一封信作为该文的导论。在导论中，他说</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我最近几年研究的非常严肃的东西以及我们神圣的乔治亚·奥古斯塔（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Georgia Augusta</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的氛围，使我的心情变得非常严肃，以至于我觉得我需要彻底地放松一下，笑一笑，开开玩笑</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这篇文章同样充满了诙谐和幽默</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn20" name=_ftnref20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果我还没有为我和你的闲聊确定上述名称的话，我会建议使用“法学鸭蛋”（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">juristische Enteneier</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）这个名称，因为根据我们的约定，这次闲聊是在金鸭端着一杯葡萄酒进行的。如果这些鸭蛋是金子做的，那我就自己保留了；因为这不可能发生，所以您要知道如何保存它们。如果“法学鸭子”（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">juristische Enten</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">据我所知，这是一个至今仍未被证实的变种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">破壳而出，请您不要感到惊讶。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我有很多这样的蛋；我相信，我可以大量提供它们。它们到现在还是被乱七八糟地放着，或者，更确切地说，它们还完全不存在，它们还没被我下出来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">整整一窝蛋还装在我的脑袋里。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一个人如果生命中的很长时间都用于体系性授课，最后就会把对体系和分类的不可抗拒的需要养成一种习惯，这真是有意思，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我甚至把我还没下出来的蛋进行分类！您知道，一个罗马法学者是由两半组成的：一半是教义学者（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Dogmatiker</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），一半是法史学者，如果把其本质特征适用到其产出上，那么罗马法学者的成果也具有这种双重特征。因此，我将要下的蛋可以被分为两个主题：一个是教义学的，一个是法律史的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">……</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于罗马法史，我有自己的论述方法。到现在为止，我一直当作秘密保存着。我想，现在是时候公开让别人利用了。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">……</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为此，一个必不可少的要素是，一根品质优良的、精美的雪茄，不要太浓也不要太淡，外加一个沙发或者长沙发。在看够实证法律史素材之后，为了不让别人打扰，把门关上，点上雪茄，坐在沙发上；是不是愿意把腿搭得很高（我觉得这样很管用），就要看你的个性了。然后运用所有的意志力把全部思维集中到古代，这时候把周围的一切和自己都忘掉。一心只想着自己就生活在那个时代，只是由于大自然的奇怪念头才灵魂转世来到十九世纪，成了某个大学的罗马法编外讲<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="师或者">师或者</st1:PersonName>教授。你本来是一个罗马人，你从书本上获知的少量关于古代的事情仅仅是你的记忆的最后残余。你的记忆只有通过你的刻苦努力才能找回来。希腊哲学已经通过灵魂转世理论使得这些成为可能。如果你长时间地用这种方式睁着眼睛思考，关于古代的回忆就会复苏，古代的景象就会从灵魂的深处（“无意识”区域）重新跑出来并在你自己吹出来的雪茄烟气中成像；你会感觉到自己在古罗马的街头漫步并参与所有罗马法史的美好事情：</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">mancipatio</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">in jure cessio</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Manusehe</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">in jus vocation</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，等等。一根雪茄就可以让人体验这一切，真是不可思议！当然，你要会抽烟才行，一些人不会抽烟。他们即使点燃了雪茄坐在沙发上也什么都看不到，虽然他们吹出的烟气比会抽烟的人浓得多，但是他们看不到任何景象。他们会说别人也看不到，或者，就算别人能看得到，那也只是通过香烟的麻醉产生的幻觉，这是科学所痛斥的，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">源泉停止了，科学也就停止了。我认为：他们说得对，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但我继续忠实地抽我的烟。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我的盒子里还储有数量可观的雪茄；我将时不时点上一根，并且向您报告我所看到的东西。我将把这个报告命名为“罗马法史的景象”。这是个优美的标题，光是这个标题本身就具有某种价值，尤其是对于像罗马法史这样没有什么吸引力的研究对象来讲。我不知道为什么我们这些研究科学的人要把漂亮的标题留给文学家来使用，他们的题目时常能让整部作品充满独特的新鲜和刺激。很幸运，我的本能让我早就意识到了一个好标题的价值，我的著作的标题已经为其传播和知名度起到了不少促进作用。您想想，如果我的《罗马法精神》用《论…的特征和意义》，或者《查明…特征之尝试》为名；或者我的《为权利而斗争》用《论私人视情况实现其权利之道德义务》为标题。谁会记住这样的标题？标题必须具有军令的特点：简洁、准确、确定、直截了当；它必须是一个人们可以到处喊的文学军令。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现在，为将出生的孩子起的名字已经有了，只是无关紧要的东西还没有：小孩本身。我就像分娩前的母亲，迫切地想知道他（她）长什么样：男孩还是女孩？漂亮、健康、结实还是瘦弱、丑陋？或者是一个低能儿？总之，他（她）成什么样就什么样吧，这并不重要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他（她）只有一天的寿命。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这篇文章除了导论之外还包括几个部分，各部分标题分别是：</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无主物先占权之过去与现在</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Das Occupationsrecht an herrenlosen Sachen einst und jetzt</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">古代继承法的捕鼠器</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Die Mausefalle des alten Erbrechts</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">罗马民事诉讼中的富人与穷人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Reich und Arm im r&ouml;mischen Civilproze&szlig;</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一个民事诉讼的傀儡</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Eine civilprocessualische Attrapp</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（三）第四部分——《重返尘世》<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">经过前面三篇诙谐、幽默的文章之后，耶林最终开始严肃起来。他从梦中的“概念天国”回到了尘世，开始对其当代法学提出一些实际的建议。由于耶林自己经历过实践案件的煎熬，他极力建议在课程中引入实例教学法<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn21" name=_ftnref21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、《法学的概念天国》</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（一）哈特的评价</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在这里不得不提到哈特的</SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《耶林的概念天国与现代分析法学》。在该文中，哈特对耶林以及对《法学的概念天国》评价很高。他说：</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">“对法哲学感兴趣的英国法律人在阅读耶林的这篇</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">才华横溢的短文时，会产生两种截然不同的感受。一方面，他会感到诧异，因为，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">且不管对还是错</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">，他不会想到一位<FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US>19</SPAN>世纪的德国法学家的作品具有如此的才气和情趣。没有哪位法律领域的英国作家（也许早期的边沁是个例外）像耶林那样，能把如此轻快的文笔和如此深刻的洞察力结合在一起”</FONT><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn22" name=_ftnref22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT color=#0000ff>[22]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">哈特在该文中还</SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总结了耶林对概念法学的五点批评意见</SPAN></SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn23" name=_ftnref23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[23]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">过度关注抽象的法律概念，不考虑它们在现实生活中适用的条件；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．在利用和发展法律概念时，无视必须要考虑的社会利益和个人利益，以及其它实践问题；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．确信能够区分某一法律规则或概念的本质（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">das Wesen</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和法律后果（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">die Folgen</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），因此，我们可以像普赫塔（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Puchta</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）在分析</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">占有</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时那样，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全盘脱离其实际效果</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，对概念进行抽象地思考。这导致处理问题的时候不着边际</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这使得</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们可以说，占有之类的概念，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本质上是事实，效果上等同于一项权利</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，它</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同时既是事实又是权利</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Faktum und Recht zugleich</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．无视法律的目标和目的，并拒绝追问</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律为什么这样</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的问题。在概念天国中，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">没有人问为什么</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而且所有</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因功利考量而被</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">扭曲</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的概念，都要被放入</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">解剖病理学概念室</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Anatomisch-pathologisches Bergriffskabinett</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．法律科学在概念和方法上对数学进行了错误的模仿，以致于所有的法律推理都变成了纯粹的数学计算。在这种数学计算当中，法律概念的内涵通过逻辑推理获取。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（二）比较法</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们注意到，耶林在第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">290</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页，用两种观点分析了准占有的问题。耶林是非常喜欢比较的，他在《一个罗马法学者的闲谈》中说</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn24" name=_ftnref24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[24]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">我有一个不幸的特点，我喜欢把我看到的东西进行比较，自己的和他人的，现在的和过去的。我说这是个不幸的特点，是因为我的比较并非总是给我带来令人愉快的结果。如果我不去思考，而只是单纯地享受我所获得的东西，那么对我来讲可能会更好。然而，我的比较癖不仅仅限于跟我个人有关的东西，它还延伸到我所碰到的所有东西；什么东西都可能被我比较。毫无疑问，我所研究的特殊学科让我获得了极其丰富的产出，而且这个学科领域内的所有题材几乎没有不被我跟其它题材比较过的。因此我比较了古罗马法和新时期罗马法，并且试图澄清我和别人的意见分歧，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">这是我写作《罗马法精神》的动因，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">而且我也比较了我们当代的法律和罗马法</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林虽然没有明确地提出比较法的概念，但是他的思想中包含了比较法的成分，以致于经常被后来的比较法学者引用。在《法学是门科学吗？》当中，他认为，当法学从法哲学、法律史和法教义学三个层面上对法律进行反思时，它就是一门科学。他没有提到比较法，但在该书开头，他便提到，没有哪门科学要仰赖立法者之心情，要受国界之限制，跨越国界便毫无价值</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn25" name=_ftnref25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[25]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。在《罗马法精神》第一卷开头，他就说，“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">罗马在世界史中的意义及使命是普世性观念对民族性原则的胜利”<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn26" name=_ftnref26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[26]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>。然后，他进一步进行了论述<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn27" name=_ftnref27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[27]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>：<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">一个民族的繁荣就像个人的繁荣一样<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">，</B>要不断地从外部吸收养料。一句话，其艺术、其风俗，其所有文化，简单讲，其个体性或者民族性就像一个结合了肉体和精神的生物体一样，是数不清的外界影响和吸收的产物。谁能在民族之间的伟大交换当中大概地确定进口和出口的平衡呢？谁能逐一说明一个民族施加给另一个民族的成千上万的刺激和影响呢？运送商品的船带回了上帝；拿走金子的商人，随着产品留下了制造模型和工业萌芽。语言、风俗、宗教、文字、思想、成见、信仰、迷信、技艺、艺术、科学——它们全都遵从国际交流和影响的法则。而法律呢？唯独它能远离这个一般文化法则吗？我在这里反对的那个学说给出的答案是肯定的，为了给罗马法赢得地位我们必须反对那个学说。那个学说就是历史学派的学说，它认为法律纯粹是从“民族性内部”形成的。我们不应该引入陪审团制度，因为它不是在我们的土地上形成的，宪政国家形式是个舶来品，我们也要这样对待它</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312">……</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">我们似乎要反对进口外国的葡萄酒，因为它不是我们这里生产的；我们似乎要反对使用金鸡纳皮，因为它不是在我们这里长成的。妨碍我们采用外国法律和制度的人，可能也会禁止我们吸收任何外国文化，可能会命令清除古代对现代文化的影响。继受外国法律制度的问题不是一个民族性的问题，而是一个简单的合目的性的问题，一个需要的问题。如果家乡有同样好或者更好的东西，那么没有人会去遥远的国度取来那些东西。但是，只有傻瓜才会因为金鸡纳皮不是在其园子里长成而拒绝使用它。为了说服自己相信上述文化法则也完全适用于法律，同样只需要瞥一眼法律史就可以了。虽然，古代和东方几乎没有为此向我们提供很重要的历史线索，但是，无论是希腊还是罗马都存在这种接收外国制度的信念，这种信念有一部分迷失在英雄时代的模糊性当中，一部分在一个历史时期（《十二表法》的起草）发扬。各个外国法律制度的痕迹还可以在晚期罗马法中找到证据（比如，</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Lex Bhodia</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">），或者，至少可以从经常出现的外国人名字（比如<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">，</I></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">hypotheca</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">hyperocha</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">emphyteusis</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">antichresisi</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">）中进行推测。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">（三）其它<SPAN lang=DE><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">耶林丰富的想象力和深厚的文学功底，在《法学的概念天国》里得到了淋漓尽致的体现。译者深感无法翻译出耶林的文采，但又忍耐不住与人分享的强烈冲动。<SPAN lang=DE><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">需要注意的是，在《法学的概念天国》当中，耶林不仅批判了概念法学，还顺带批判了诗化的法学和哲学法学（或自然法学）。耶林在批判他人时，喜欢用比较刺耳的语言。比如，在《罗马法精神》当中，他说萨维尼是个“无知的人”<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn28" name=_ftnref28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[28]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>；在《我们的任务》中，说托马修斯是“多么肤浅和平庸”<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftn29" name=_ftnref29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#0000ff>[29]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>。这也许是当时德国比较流行的批判风格。我们认为，一个有博大胸怀的学者，肯定能容纳这样的批评。<SPAN lang=DE><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第三部分　翻译说明</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、本书翻译所用版本</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本书根据耶林所著之</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《法学的概念天国：一场梦》（</SPAN><FONT size=3><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Im Juristischen Begriffshimmel.Ein Phantastiebild</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）译出，<SPAN style="COLOR: black">该文收录于耶林的</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">《法学的戏谑与认真</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">献给法律读者的一份圣诞礼物》</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Rudolph von Jhering</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Eine Weihnachtsgabe f<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ür</SPAN> das juristische Publikum</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Leipzig</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1884</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">S.245~333</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。译者在翻译和校对时参考了以下版本：</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Charlotte L. Levy</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">翻译的英文版：</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">In The Heaven for Legal Concepts: A Fantasy</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，载于</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Temple Law Quarterly</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Vol. 58, 1985, p799~842</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）比利时学者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">O. de Meulenaere</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR">翻译的法文版</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Satires et Vérités</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，收录于</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR">《罗马法精神补充学习资料</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第四卷</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR">合集》</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&Eacute;tudes complémentaires de l'Esprit du droit romain</FONT></SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN></I><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">IV. Mélanges</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. A. Marescq, 1902. p.307</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">~381</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、译法</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本书中的人名、地名、术语、制度及组织机构名称等一般按照通行译法译出。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为便于读者考证，书中所有拉丁文均保留原文；书中参考的德文文献均保留原文。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、原著页码及脚注</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">除非另有说明，本书中所提到的页码均指原著页码，原著页码用编码表示。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原著脚注每页重新开始编号，有部分脚注被置于正文后。为方便读者阅读，本书将原著的全部脚注统一按顺序编号，并将被置于正文后的脚注全部放到正文下。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、译者注</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为便于读者理解，译者酌情添加了一些译者注。本书中添加译者注的方式有两种：（一）直接添加脚注，以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">…</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为编号；（二）在原著的脚注之中或之后添加。全部译者注均用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">[ ]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">包括，并注明</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">译者注</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，未注明</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">译者注</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的脚注均为原著脚注。原著脚注编号方式为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">…</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。除非另有说明，本书提到的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">均指原著脚注。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、参考资料</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．周枏著：《罗马法原论》商务印书馆，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年版</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．丁玫著：《罗马法契约责任》中国政法大学出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年版</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．费安玲著：《罗马继承法研究》中国政法大学出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年版</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">．彼德罗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">·</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">彭梵得著：《罗马法教科书》黄风译，中国政法大学出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年版</SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: FR"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR">．朱塞佩</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">·</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">格罗索著：《罗马法史》黄风译，中国政法大学出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">年版</SPAN><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><STRONG><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR">．</SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Max Kaser</FONT></SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN></STRONG><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Das r&ouml;mische Privatrecht</SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; mso-ansi-language: DE">, 1. Abschnitt: Das altr&ouml;mische, das vorklassische und klassische Recht</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; mso-ansi-language: DE">, 2. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Aufl., <FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">München</SPAN>.1971.</FONT></SPAN><STRONG><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">7</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">．</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">Adolf Berger</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">，</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law</SPAN></I></SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">，</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">1991</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">.</SPAN><SPAN class=CharChar2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.6pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96" align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">六、致谢</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感谢在德国柏林自由大学攻读博士学位的李君韬先生，为本书翻译提供了巨大的帮助。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<DIV id=ftn1 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref1" name=_ftn1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[1]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主要参考</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Neil Duxbury</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Plantin-Italic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Plantin-Italic">Oxford Journal of Legal Studies</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Plantin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Plantin">, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2007), pp. 23–47.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn2 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref2" name=_ftn2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[2]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">参见米夏埃尔<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>马丁内克，《鲁道夫<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>冯<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>耶林：生平与作品》田士永译<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>载于郑永流主编的《法哲学与法社会学丛刊》中国政法大学出版社<SPAN lang=EN-US>,2005</SPAN>年卷（总第八期），第<SPAN lang=EN-US>317-338</SPAN>页。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn3 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref3" name=_ftn3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[3]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Merkel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Jhering</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">. Aus:<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> Jherings Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des bürgerlichen Rechts</I> 1893.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn4 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref4" name=_ftn4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[4]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林著作列表中的日期均为相应著作第一版的日期。耶林著作的详细列表请参见</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Mario G. Losano</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Bibliographie Rudolf von Jherings. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">收录于</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Franz Wieacker und Christian Wollschl&auml;ger, Jherings Erbe. G&ouml;ttinger Symposion zur 150. Wiederkehr des Geburtstags von Rudolph von Jhering.</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1970. S.252ff</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn5 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref5" name=_ftn5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[5]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Neil Duxbury</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Plantin-Italic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Plantin-Italic">Oxford Journal of Legal Studies</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Plantin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Plantin">, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2007), pp. 23–47.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn6 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref6" name=_ftn6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[6]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Neil Duxbury</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Plantin-Italic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Plantin-Italic">Oxford Journal of Legal Studies</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Plantin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Plantin">, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2007), pp. 23–47.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn7 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref7" name=_ftn7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[7]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参见</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">John M. Lindsey</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为《法学的概念天国》英译本（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Charlotte L. Levy</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">In The Heaven for Legal Concepts: A Fantasy</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，载于</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US>Temple Law Quarterly</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=EN-US>, Vol. 58, 1985, p799~842</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）所写的前言。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn8 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref8" name=_ftn8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[8]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">参见米夏埃尔<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>马丁内克，《鲁道夫<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>冯<SPAN lang=EN-US>·</SPAN>耶林：生平与作品》田士永译<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>载于郑永流主编的《法哲学与法社会学丛刊》中国政法大学出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年卷（总第八期），第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">317-338</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">页。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn9 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref9" name=_ftn9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[9]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">同上注。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn10 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref10" name=_ftn10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[10]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: DE">Franz Wieacker und Christian Wollschl&auml;ger, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jherings Erbe. G&ouml;ttinger Symposion zur 150. Wiederkehr des Geburtstags von Rudolph von Jhering</I>.</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1970.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn11 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref11" name=_ftn11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[11]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Okko Behrends<STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">, </SPAN></STRONG><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Jherings Rechtsdenken: Theorie und Pragmatik im Dienste evolution&auml;rer Rechtsethik</SPAN></I><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">.</SPAN> Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 1996.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn12 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref12" name=_ftn12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[12]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也有人说是</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1860</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn13 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref13" name=_ftn13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[13]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关于耶林的思想转向</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主要参考吴从周</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《民事法学与法学方法》第二册</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二章</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耶林生平</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">”，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">台北</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">：</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一品文化</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年版。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn14 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref14" name=_ftn14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[14]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Beitr&auml;ge zur Lehre von der Gefahr beim Kaufcontract. Aus: Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des heutigen r&ouml;mischen und deutschen Privatrechts</I>. Bd. 3&nbsp;1859 S.451.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn15 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref15" name=_ftn15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[15]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参见吴从周</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《民事法学与法学方法》第二册</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">台北</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">：</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一品文化</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年版第</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">77</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">页脚注</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">38</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn16 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref16" name=_ftn16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[16]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参见吴从周</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《民事法学与法学方法》第二册</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">台北</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">：</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一品文化</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年版第</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">79</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">页。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn17 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref17" name=_ftn17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[17]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="1" Month="7" Year="1861"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1861</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US>年</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US>月</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US>日</SPAN></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">起改<SPAN lang=EN-US>为《德国法院报》（</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">Deutsche Gerichtszeitung</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn18 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref18" name=_ftn18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[18]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz</I></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">: </SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Eine Weihnachtsgabe f<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ür</SPAN> das juristische Publikum</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig.1884.S.3.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn19 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref19" name=_ftn19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[19]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz</I></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">: </SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Eine Weihnachtsgabe f<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ür</SPAN> das juristische Publikum</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig.1884.S.6-8.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn20 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref20" name=_ftn20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[20]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz</I></SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: DE">: </SPAN></I><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Eine Weihnachtsgabe f<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ür</SPAN> das juristische Publikum</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig.1884. S.122-127.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn21 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref21" name=_ftn21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[21]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz</I></SPAN></FONT><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">：</SPAN></I><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Eine Weihnachtsgabe f<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ür</SPAN> das juristische Publikum</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig 1884. S.352, 358.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn22 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref22" name=_ftn22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[22]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> H. L. A. Hart, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jhering’s Heaven of Concepts and Modern Analytical Jurisprudence</I>. From: <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Essays in jurisprudence and philosophy</I>. Oxford University Press, 1983.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">L</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．哈特，《耶林的概念天国与现代分析法学》，陈林林译，见邓正来主编，《西方法律哲学家研究年刊》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">总第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卷</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，北京大学出版社，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年版。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn23 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref23" name=_ftn23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[23]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同上注。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn24 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref24" name=_ftn24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[24]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz</I></SPAN></FONT><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">：</SPAN></I><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Eine Weihnachtsgabe f<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">ür</SPAN> das juristische Publikum</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">, Leipzig. 1884. S.127.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn25 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref25" name=_ftn25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[25]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering und Okko Behrends, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Ist die Jurisprudenz eine Wissenschaft?: Jherings Wiener Antrittsvorlesung vom 16. Oktober 1868.</SPAN></I></SPAN></FONT><B><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Wallstein. 1998.S.47.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn26 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref26" name=_ftn26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[26]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Der Geist des r<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&ouml;</SPAN>mischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwickelung</I>, Teil 1, Leipzig. 1907. S.1.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn27 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref27" name=_ftn27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[27]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Der Geist des r<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&ouml;</SPAN>mischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwickelung</I>, Teil 1, Leipzig. 1907. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>S.8-9.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn28 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref28" name=_ftn28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[28]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Der Geist des r<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">&ouml;</SPAN>mischen Rechts auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwickelung</I>, Teil 1, Leipzig. 1907. S.3.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn29 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=476661#_ftnref29" name=_ftn29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#0000ff>[29]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: DE"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="mso-ansi-language: DE">Rudolf von Jhering, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Unsere Aufgabe. Aus: Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des heutigen r&ouml;mischen und deutschen Privatrechts</I>&nbsp;Bd. 1&nbsp;1857. S.3.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></DIV><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/60387/</link>
</item>
<item>
<title>耶林《法学的概念天国》即将出版，请大家支持！</title>
<description><![CDATA[<P><BR><IMG src="http://www.yadian.cc/upfiles/656/2009_5_21_447.jpg" border=0></P>
<P>书名：法学的概念天国</P>
<P>作者：鲁道夫·冯·耶林</P>
<P>译者：柯伟才 于庆生</P>
<P>出版社：中国法制出版社</P>
<P>出版日期：2009年5月</P>
<P>定价：15元</P>
<P>书号：978-7-5093-1236-0</P><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/60386/</link>
</item>
<item>
<title>辛哈《法理学》翻译九（校对稿）</title>
<description><![CDATA[<SPAN class=oblog_text><SPAN class=art_content id=content>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">第一编<FONT face=黑体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN><FONT size=5>&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN>形而上学——理性主义认识论中的法律理论<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">第三章<FONT face=黑体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN><FONT size=5>&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN>神启与先知的法律理论<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">理<FONT size=3><FONT face=黑体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN>&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN>论<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">神启与先知的理论中最为根本的观点就是法律是上帝为了支配人类而创制的，并通过其代理人——先知或统治者——传达给人类。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">对于法之性质的这样一种认识可以在某些古老的法律体系中发现，如巴比伦法、希伯来法和《摩奴法典》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Laws of Manu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">），还有伊斯兰法。因此，《汉摩拉比法典》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Laws of Hammurabi</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）解释说，当大神马尔杜克命令巴比伦的国王汉摩拉比给这片土地上的人民公正和良好的统治时，他便提出了适用于整个国家的真理和公正。或者，在《圣经》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">24</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">31</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">32</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">34</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）的《出埃及记》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Book of Exodus</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）中，希伯来法声称上帝召唤摩西到西奈山（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Mount Sinai</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">），并授给他两块石板，上面有上帝亲手所写的约法。或者，古印度的《摩奴法典》自认为是神授的起源，其中至上者（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Supreme Being</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）在创世时将其神圣法（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Sacred Law</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）授予人类的始祖摩奴。或者，伊斯兰法的沙里阿（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">the <I>sharia</I></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）</SPAN><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[1]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">承认先知理论，其中这些法律的第一个来源就是《古兰经》（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Koran</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">），它是先知穆罕默德（公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">570</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">632</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">年）的启示语录的汇编，撰写于先知死后不久。第二、第三、第四、第五个来源按层次分别是逊奈（</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">sunna</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）</SPAN><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[2]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、哈蒂斯（</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">hadith</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）</SPAN><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftn3" name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[3]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、格雅斯（</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">qiyas</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）</SPAN><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[4]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">和伊智马尔（</SPAN><I><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ijma</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）</SPAN><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[5]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">。逊奈由先知穆罕默德的生活和行为方式、他的实践和他的举止组成；哈蒂斯是涉及到先知及其传说的一个目击者的故事；格雅斯是通过分析《古兰经》制定的那些原则而得出的推论；伊智马尔是某一时代的权威教法学家——他们的工作就是发现和揭示法律——就教法问题所形成的一致意见。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">评<FONT size=3><FONT face=黑体><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN>&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN>论<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">用这种方式来考察法律存在着四个主要的难题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">第一，它要求信仰神的存在，如上帝。借此将理性的探究限定在信仰的范围之内。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">第二，不存在获得普遍接受的神的概念。例如，犹太教、伊斯兰教和基督教的闪族地区（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">the Semitic religions</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）将上帝视为人格化存在，是神人同形的男子（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">anthropomorphically masculine</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">）。印度教则将神视为绝对精神（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">the absolute soul</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">），个人的精神是绝对精神的一部分。由于人类没有能力领悟这种绝对，通过神灵或自然物体，冥想使得感知神的存在变得可能。中国人有一些超自然的观念，但不存在人格化的神。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">第三，这些理论要求接受作为上帝发言人的代理人，或者是希伯来与伊斯兰教理论中的先知，或者是巴比伦理论中的统治者。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">第四，它使得人们能够在解释、规定和适用法律时，可以通过这些行为逃避制定法律的责任，因为可以认为，作为结果的法律是上帝的法律，而不是人自身行为的产物。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV><BR clear=all><FONT face="Times New Roman">
<HR align=left width="33%" SIZE=1>
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<DIV id=ftn1>
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftnref1" name=_ftn1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[1]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">即伊斯兰教教法，原意为“真主安拉指示的道路”。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn2>
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftnref2" name=_ftn2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[2]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">即穆罕默德创教过程中的种种行为，也称“圣传”。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn3>
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftnref3" name=_ftn3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[3]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">本意为“言语”，即“圣训”。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn4>
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftnref4" name=_ftn4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[4]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">是类推推理的过程，从一个已知的命令推出一个新命令，也称“类比”。</SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn5>
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftnref5" name=_ftn5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080>[5]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">即在穆罕默德逝世后，伊斯兰教法学家和思想家对于《古兰经》、圣训中无明文规定的宗教、社会行为所作出的一致意见和判断，无论是肯定的或否定的，穆斯林社会的全体成员都必须遵守，违者即违反教法。也被译为“公议”、“公决”。</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></SPAN></SPAN><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Sun, 10 May 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/59952/</link>
</item>
<item>
<title>辛哈《法理学》翻译八（校对稿）</title>
<description><![CDATA[<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">第三节 法律理论中意识形态的发端<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哲学与意识形态之间存在着重要的区别，哲学描述客观事实，而意识形态则表达价值偏好。两者都是正当的活动，但是，重要地是坚持两者之间的差别，以便于区分哪些是作为事实来理解的，哪些又是作为价值偏好来提倡的。在很多法律理论中，这种差别经常被舍弃。例如，后面的章节中将会提到的自然法，其真正的方法论将自身让渡给了法律哲学中的价值偏好的发端。或者，在康德那里，我们被引领着通过探究人类心智来了解其法律哲学，并跟着（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">in our laps</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）发现他的人之自由最大化的意识形态和他的道德律准则。或者，在黑格尔那里，通过其辩证法我们沿着理念的展开而进行，并结束于对于国家的赞美。或者，在斯塔姆勒（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Stammler</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）那里，我们被引至关于正当法（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">just law</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的分析，但仅仅得到他的关于正当法之原则的武断断言。或者，在边沁（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Bentham</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）那里，我们发现了他的幸福最大化原则（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">greatest-happiness principle</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的意识形态的主张。或者，在萨维尼（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Savihny</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）那里，我们遵循其历史研究的经验方法，但发现了他对保守价值而非变化的偏好。或者，在马克思和恩格斯那里，我们发现了对于意识形态的谴责，但是反过来又是对其自己的唯物主义意识形态的辩护。或者，在狄骥（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Duguit</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）那里，我们实行了一种科学实证主义，并最终面对他的社会连带（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">social solidarity</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的假定，这个假定以集体主义、客观主义和现实主义的教条代替了个人主义、主观主义和道德主义的教条，并且为社会连带在一个人所希望的任何内容中的深入应用都保持开放。或者，美国现实主义（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">American realism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）提供了一种意识形态多元化发展的框架，即便如此，被允许的理论家的范围仍仅限于那些成为法官或类似职位的人。或者，主张内在价值表面化的现象学理论（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">phenomenological theory</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）则为每一种意识形态都提供了一种合宜的伪装。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当意识形态被伪装成哲学的时候，哲学遭受质疑，意识形态也便不再被信任。我们检讨这些理论时必须对这种发端保持警惕性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对我们来说，既然认识论是话语之最基本的标准，在以下章节中我们就根据其认识论分类来组织这些关于法律的理论。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/59733/</link>
</item>
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<title>辛哈《法理学》翻译七（校对稿）</title>
<description><![CDATA[<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，法律并不是普遍性的。不同的文明基于其自身独特的历史建立了自己的生活原则。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这些原则之间的差异是根本性的，他们所包涵的概念难以在其他文明中找到相对应的范畴。例如，印度的羯磨或者中国礼和仁（仁慈、人道）之间的关系，在西方的生活原则中并没有对应物；反之，西方的</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——包含有对于人定法的可能性——也是在达摩或礼的范畴中不存在的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或者，再比如，印度秩序的利塔概念完全与创造世界的神的代理之</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">观念，以及神发布统治命令的观念完全不相容，那项任务后来由人类的法律制定者来执行。达摩赋予人们关于顺从利塔之先在秩序的义务的坚定信仰。礼提供了一种秩序观念，通过这种行为方式来调整人在世界里的存在，以便与自然保持和谐。因此，在</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">概念中，秩序被认为是外在超越的，在礼的体系中是内在超越的，在达摩中则是先定的（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">pre-ordained</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外在超越地提出了一种法律观念的基础，礼成为致力于社会和谐状态的社会义务，而达摩则制作权威性文本来教导人们支持世界的达摩的（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">dharmic</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）国家是他们的义务。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相应地，当达摩与礼形成了一种普遍的和完全渗透的生活方式，并作为一种有组织的存在原则时，</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，特别是书面的</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（即</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos gegrammenos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）则沿着作为一种具体命令的基础进行。因而，当</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">概念的有效性依赖于可供适用的公开的权威表述时，礼的概念的有效性却从未依赖于这一方式。当</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">被赋予一个法律制定者时，这种属性不论是在礼还是达摩中都是完全不存在的。当礼被具体化于五伦关系中时，</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">nomos</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则继续发展到思考、推测自然法则的具体方式，印度的达摩圣典同样对探索与推测非人的自然方式不感兴趣。这些达摩圣典的作者和讲授者的任务是告知人们他们的责任，并指导他们更好地信奉达摩，而不是阐述和散布西方法律精神的个人权利类型。礼同样没有提出个人权利，通过对于主张这些权利的对抗性行为，这些权利被寻求在所有人际关系中的全部的和谐而排除在外。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在那些义务起源于外部的地方，就像西方的法律秩序那样，证明权利与义务正当性的需要才会产生；反之，在那些义务起源于内部的地方，就像达摩和礼那样，重要的任务就不是法律与法律下的个人权利与义务的正当性之证明了，而是揭示那些义务并探究其内在根源。生活的义务约束方式的内在融贯性——不论它是像达摩那样先定的，还是像礼那样社会构成的——，与作为西方法律秩序特征的权利的制度化是不相兼容的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">理解法律的非普遍性是检讨法律理论及其主张的重要的准备工作。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">第二节 法律理论中不可调和的认识论<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">考察这些法律理论中潜在的不同的认识论，并理解其不可调和性，也是非常重要的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认识论是研究认知的哲学的分支，它主要探究认知的性质、范围、假说和法则，以及对于知识之主张的一般现实。它与人们维持其信仰的心理因素无关，而是涉及这样的问题，即信仰是否基于善的理由或者说它们是否合理。它所关注的不是我们是否能够或者怎样认识由知识的某些分支提供的特定真理，而是我们是否完全有理由断言存在包含全部真理的知识，甚至认知是否的确是有可能的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有关法律的理论展示了三种认知理论类型，分别是：形而上学——理性主义的、唯心主义的和经验主义的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">形而上学——理性主义的认识论</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">声称所有的知识都包含在自然当中，可以经由理性来揭示它。这种认识论在古典的自然法理论中发挥着作用。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">唯心主义认识论</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坚持意志和精神价值在作为整体的世界中是最为根本的。哲学的唯心论可以类分为非物质论（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">immaterialism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" name=_ftnref1 href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftn1"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><FONT color=#800080>[1]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——莱布尼兹（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Leibnitz</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、贝克莱（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Berkeley</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和科里尔（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Collier</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、先验唯心主义——康德（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Kant</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、绝对唯心主义（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">absolute idealism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）——费希特（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Fichte</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、谢林（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Schelling</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和黑格尔（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Hegel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、新黑格尔主义（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">neo-Hegelianism</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">T</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．格林（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">T.H. Green</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．布兰德雷（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">F.H. Bradley</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．博桑基特（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">B. Bosanquet</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">J</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．劳斯（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">J. Royce</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">J</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">E</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．迈克塔格特（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">J.M.E. McTaggart</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">M</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．奥克肖特（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">M. Oakeshott</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．布兰夏德（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">B. Blanshard</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）等等。在此，我们仅涉及康德的先验唯心主义。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据康德的先验唯心主义，不论是通过纯粹的理性思维，还是单纯的感官经验，都是不可能获得世界知识的。我们的感知必须根据理性原则被组织进纯粹先验（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a priori</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的时间与空间的直观当中，这些原则要求我们探究事物之间的因果联系。时空的先验直观通过用于理解的概念——例如本质与原因、质量与数量，如此等等——使得认知成为可能。不经过这个过程，只能是感知的流形波动（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a manifold fluctuating</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。我们不可能认识那是否是“物自体”（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">things-in-themselves</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title="" name=_ftnref2 href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftn2"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><FONT color=#800080>[2]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，除非我们按照时空背景安置事物并根据理解的概念合成我们的感知，否则我们也不可能拥有关于客观世界的知识。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于康德而言，这个过程不是通过我们的经验的自身，而是通过我们的先验的自身展开的。因为它是认识的条件而非其客体，所以对于先验的自身，我们不可能认知。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，法律的唯心主义理论来自于通过研究人类意识而发现的某些基本观念。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">经验主义认识论</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主张知识的起源在于经验，而非理性。经验就是迄今为止所有感性知觉和记忆的无条理的产物，记忆是将觉察到的记在意识中的手段。那些通过这种方式被发现的事物的意识就是经验。经验这个术语还有另一个意思，即表示感知、感觉等等。然而，对于经验主义者来说，有决定意义的是这样一种观念，即认知依赖于感官的运用，依赖于通过感官所发现的事物。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">经验主义认识论包含了三种主要方式。其一，主张所有知识来自于经验。在这一意义上，知识直接与感觉经验有关，或者来自于学习、综合和归纳推论等经验的方式。其二，主张所有知识依赖于经验。也就是说，即使并非所有知识直接导源于经验，知识的所有素材最终也是导源于经验的。因此，所有概念都是后验的（</SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a posteriori</FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。其三，主张尽管存在先验的或并非导源于经验的观念，但是我们有这种认识也不过是赖于已有经验的基本前提。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这三种认识论是不可调和的。一个人不可能同时坚持，或者知识包含在理性可以认识的自然之中，或者知识来自于人类意识的探究，或者知识在于经验。因此，关于法律的理论所立基的这些认识论在最为基础的标准上是各自不可调和的。</SPAN><FONT size=3 face="宋体, MS Song"> </FONT>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" title="" name=_ftn1 href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftnref1"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><FONT color=#800080>[1]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认为非物质实体存在的一种形而上学观点。它的弱版本只是认为存在着这种实体；而它的强版本即唯心论则认为，只有这种实体存在（也就是说，不存在物质对象）。</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoFootnoteText><A style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" title="" name=_ftn2 href="http://www.fyfz.cn/manage/blog_edit.aspx?blogid=0#_ftnref2"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><FONT color=#800080>[2]</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> 18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪德国古典哲学家康德哲学的基本概念。指他自己臆想的一种存在于人们感觉和认识之外的客观实体。又译为“自在之物”、“物自身”。康德把它作为现象基础，认为人的感性认识是由于外物的影响作用才产生的。人们只能认识外物作用于感官时所产生的现象（表象）。人们承认了现象的存在，也就必然承认作为现象基础的物自体存在。在这个意义上，物自体是感觉的基础。但是，人不可能超越感官去认识物自体，物自体对人来说，永远不可知。所以，物自体又是人们认识的最后界限。在康德看来，由于外物对感官的作用，人们承认外界物自体的存在；同样理由，由于内部情况，人们也必然承认主体自身（灵魂）的存在，由此类推，人们也必然承认作为一切现象总和之根据的最高存在体（上帝）的存在。因此，康德把物自体又看作是自由意志、灵魂和上帝这些本体性的东西。它们虽然不是认识对象，但却是道德实践的依据。康德把现象和物自体割裂，使认识停留在现象的此岸，把彼岸的本体界留给信仰，突出地表现出调和科学与宗教的性质。</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV><br/>法天下四周年纪念专题电子书下载：<a title="点击下载:法天下四周年纪念专题电子书" href="http://www.yadian.cc/dl/subject/9.rar" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">法天下电子书：四周年纪念专题.chm</a><br/>转载或引用本博客内容须注明“转自 雅典学园法律博客：干勾 ”字样，并标明本博客网址 <a href="http://www.yadian.cc">http://www.yadian.cc/people/656/</a>  <img alt="&#x6211;&#x8981;&#x5566;&#x514D;&#x8D39;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;" src="http://img.users.51.la/3048757.asp" style="border:none" />]]></description>
<author>干勾</author>
<pubDate>Wes, 29 Apr 2009 00:00:00 +0800</pubDate>
<link>http://www.yadian.cc/blog/59577/</link>
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<title>密尔与《论自由》（代译序）</title>
<description><![CDATA[<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; FONT-SIZE: 16pt">密尔与《论自由》（代译序）<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自由主义一直是西方政治思想的主要流派之一，也始终被视为西方国家的主流政治思想。自由主义的发展、演变，可以说是整个西方政治的反映，也是西方社会的一面思想旗帜。作为一种政治思想，自由主义一直强调维护个人的自由，强调个性的发展，国家要为个人自由提供保障，国家的政治生活、经济生活和社会生活都应以维护个人自由为目的，反对把任何形式的强制施于个人，无论是国家的、教会的，还是社会习俗的、舆论的。在自由主义的发展历程中，诸多的杰出思想家为之做出了弥足珍贵的贡献，而密尔则是沟通古典自由主义和现代自由主义的桥梁。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">约翰&#8226;斯图亚特&#8226;密尔（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">John Stuart Mill</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1806</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1873</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），英国哲学家、经济学家、道德和政治理论家，是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪最富影响力的古典自由主义思想家。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="20" Month="5" Year="1806"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1806</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，约翰&#8226;斯图亚特&#8226;密尔出生在伦敦郊区的本顿维尔（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Pentonville</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。他是詹姆斯&#8226;密尔（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">James Mill</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的长子。老密尔出自于苏格兰一个贫寒的家庭，在约翰&#8226;斯图亚特爵士的资助下，得以就读当时欧洲最优秀的大学之一——爱丁堡大学。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1802</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，老密尔在生活极为拮据的状况下开始了其文字生涯。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1808</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，他结识了伟大的法律理论家和功利主义改革者杰里米&#8226;边沁（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Jeremy Bentham</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），并与之一起领导了“哲学激进派”（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Philosophic Radicals</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）运动。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为了将小密尔培养成为哲学激进派的领袖人物，詹姆斯根据边沁的联想主义心理学原则（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">the principle of Bentham's associationist psychology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）对小密尔的教育做出了严格而又细致的规划。于是，小密尔三岁开始学习希腊文，阅读了希罗多德的全部著作、色诺芬的《对话集》、苏格拉底的《回忆录》和柏拉图对话的前六篇。密尔读的主要是历史书，包括休谟和吉本的作品、从创刊到</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1788</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年止的《年鉴》（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Annual Register</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）中的历史部分、米勒的《从历史观点看英国政治》（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Historical View of the English Government</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和莫谢姆的《教会史》（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Ecclesiastical History</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。他八岁开始学习拉丁文，阅读了修昔底德的全部作品。在十一、二岁时，密尔写了一部《罗马政治史》。这是一部叙述贵族与平民斗争的书，它以李维的论点作依据为土地法辩护，并尽最大努力支持罗马民主党。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 28.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大约从十二岁起，密尔的教育目的从运用思想转到了研究思想本身。他不断学习亚里士多德和霍布斯的逻辑学论文，以训练和提高自己的思维智识。此外，密尔还阅读了几篇柏拉图最重要的对话，例如《戈吉乌斯》（</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Gorgias</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-han